{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:33:51Z","timestamp":1788564831880,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral Intravenous Cannulas (PIVCs) are frequently utilised in the Emergency Department (ED) for delivery of medication and phlebotomy. They are associated with complications and have an associated cost to departmental resources. A growing body of international research suggests many of the PIVCs inserted in the ED are unnecessary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The objective of this study was to determine the rates of PIVC insertion and use. This was a prospective observational study conducted in one UK ED and one Italian ED. Adult ED patients with non-immediate triage categories were included over a period of three weeks in the UK ED in August 2016 and two weeks in the Italian ED in March and August 2017. Episodes of PIVC insertion and data on PIVC utilisation in adults were recorded. PIVC use was classified as necessary, unnecessary or unused. The proportion of unnecessary and unused PIVCs was calculated. PIVCs were defined as unnecessary if they were either used for phlebotomy only, or solely for IV fluids in patients that could have potentially been hydrated orally (determined against\n                      <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                      defined criteria). PIVC classified as unused were not used for any purpose.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,618 patients were included amongst which 977 PIVCs were inserted. Of the 977 PIVCs, 413 (42%) were necessary, 536 (55%) were unnecessary, and 28 (3%) were unused. Of the unnecessary PIVCs, 473 (48%) were used solely for phlebotomy and 63 (6%) were used for IV fluids in patients that could drink.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than half of PIVCs placed in the ED were unnecessary in this study. This suggests that clinical decision making about the benefits and risks of PIVC insertion is not being performed on an individual basis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T13:27:17Z","timestamp":1718371637000},"page":"e0305276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prospective observational study of peripheral intravenous cannula utilisation and frequency of intravenous fluid delivery in the emergency department\u2014Convenience or necessity?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-0449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Willis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3942-4604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Efrem","family":"Colonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef Jamal","family":"Alame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9177-8376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan","family":"Annetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9104-4601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deren T.","family":"Aygin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Daou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gozde","family":"Firat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Goozee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuj Neelesh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hubbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole Shun Yee","family":"Loi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Maciejec-Biskup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9351-0285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Merline Gabriela","family":"Muthukumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2068-0560","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason","family":"Pott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-9441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Lorenza","family":"Muiesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9146-258X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tim","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0305276.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2389","article-title":"International prevalence of the use of peripheral intravenous catheters","volume":"10","author":"E Alexandrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"pone.0305276.ref002","volume-title":"Infection Control in Clinical Practice","author":"J. Wilson","year":"2006","edition":"3"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305276.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.02.022","article-title":"Half of all peripheral intravenous lines in an Australian tertiary emergency department are unused: pain with no gain?","volume":"62","author":"EI Limm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of emergency medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305276.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aenj.2015.10.003","article-title":"Utility of peripheral intravenous cannulae inserted in one tertiary referral emergency department: A medical record audit","volume":"19","author":"M Fry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australas Emerg Nurs J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305276.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.08.006","article-title":"Peripheral Intravenous Line Placement and Utilization in an Academic Emergency Department","volume":"50","author":"J Gentges","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305276.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aenj.2015.12.003","article-title":"Peripheral intravenous catheter insertion in the Emergency Department","volume":"19","author":"K Decker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australas Emerg Nurs J"},{"key":"pone.0305276.ref007","first-page":"CD007798","article-title":"Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters","volume":"1","author":"J Webster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305276.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181cd149a","article-title":"Potential impact of peripheral intravenous catheter placement on resource use in the pediatric emergency department","volume":"26","author":"TM Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0305276.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-9-737","article-title":"The idle intravenous catheter","volume":"116","author":"FA Lederle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305276.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/10903129808958887","article-title":"Unnecessary intravenous access in the emergency setting","volume":"2","author":"RA Henderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305276.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13335","article-title":"Peripheral Intravenous Cannula Insertion and Use in the Emergency Department: An Intervention Study","volume":"25","author":"T Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305276.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1086\/660099","article-title":"Peripheral venous catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"32","author":"TT Trinh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0305276.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.4065\/81.9.1159","article-title":"The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies","volume":"81","author":"DG Maki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"pone.0305276.ref014","first-page":"CD011070","article-title":"Devices and dressings to secure peripheral venous catheters to prevent complications","volume":"6","author":"N Marsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0305276.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-10-845","article-title":"Risk factors for infusion-related phlebitis with small peripheral venous catheters. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"114","author":"DG Maki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0305276.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a339","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a339","article-title":"Routine care of peripheral intravenous catheters versus clinically indicated replacement: randomised controlled trial","volume":"337","author":"J Webster","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0305276.ref017","unstructured":"(NICE), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence., Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. 2013, NICE: London."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0305276.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.7969","article-title":"Utilisation of prehospital intravenous access","volume":"104","author":"BH Bester","year":"2014","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0305276.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2007.16.11.23675","article-title":"Use and complications of peripheral vascular catheters: a prospective study","volume":"16650","author":"SZ Abbas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305276.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.12151","article-title":"Intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride therapy does not reduce length of stay of alcohol-intoxicated patients in the emergency department: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"SR Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"pone.0305276.ref021","first-page":"CD004926","article-title":"Fluids and diuretics for acute ureteric colic","volume":"2","author":"AS Worster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305276.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.10.005","article-title":"Appropriateness and Complications of Peripheral Venous Catheters Placed in an Emergency Department","volume":"54","author":"B Guihard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"pone.0305276.ref023","article-title":"Comparison of Routine Replacement With Clinically Indicated Replacement of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters","author":"N Buetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305276.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5694\/mja13.00157","article-title":"Think before you insert an intravenous catheter","volume":"200","author":"P. Lewindon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305276.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-6205(02)00126-7","article-title":"Unnecessary peripheral intravenous catheterisation on an acute medical admissions unit: a preliminary study","volume":"13","author":"G Barlow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305276.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2007.01008.x","article-title":"Lignocaine is a better analgesic than either ethyl chloride or nitrous oxide for peripheral intravenous cannulation","volume":"19","author":"PA Robinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305276.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113489994","article-title":"Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) complications during pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"AV Cape","year":"2014","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T13:27:35Z","timestamp":1718371655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305276"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert Jeenchen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305276","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]}}}