{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:57:34Z","timestamp":1768445854766,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense Military Traumatic Brain Injury Initiative","award":["309698-7.01-65310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309698-7.01-65310"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Career Development Award","award":["1K2 RX002947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K2 RX002947"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["T32 AT002688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AT002688"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT1021397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT1021397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Career Development Award","award":["1K2 RX002762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K2 RX002762"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs RRD Research Career Scientist Award","award":["1IK6 RX003504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1IK6 RX003504"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep-wake disturbances frequently present in Veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). These TBI-related sleep impairments confer significant burden and commonly exacerbate other functional impairments. Therapies to improve sleep following mTBI are limited and studies in Veterans are even more scarce. In our previous pilot work, morning bright light therapy (MBLT) was found to be a feasible behavioral sleep intervention in Veterans with a history of mTBI; however, this was single-arm, open-label, and non-randomized, and therefore was not intended to establish efficacy. The present study, LION (light vs ion therapy) extends this preliminary work as a fully powered, sham-controlled, participant-masked randomized controlled trial (NCT03968874), implemented as fully remote within the VA (target n = 120 complete). Randomization at 2:1 allocation ratio to: 1) active: MBLT (n = 80), and 2) sham: deactivated negative ion generator (n = 40); each with identical engagement parameters (60-min duration; within 2-hrs of waking; daily over 28-day duration). Participant masking via deception balanced expectancy assumptions across arms. Outcome measures were assessed following a 14-day baseline (pre-intervention), following 28-days of device engagement (post-intervention), and 28-days after the post-intervention assessment (follow-up). Primary outcomes were sleep measures, including continuous wrist-based actigraphy, self-report, and daily sleep dairy entries. Secondary\/exploratory outcomes included cognition, mood, quality of life, circadian rhythm via dim light melatonin onset, and biofluid-based biomarkers. Participant drop out occurred in &lt;10% of those enrolled, incomplete\/missing data was present in &lt;15% of key outcome variables, and overall fidelity adherence to the intervention was &gt;85%, collectively establishing feasibility and acceptability for MBLT in Veterans with mTBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T18:28:37Z","timestamp":1736274517000},"page":"e0305305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feasibility and acceptability for LION, a fully remote, randomized clinical trial within the VA for light therapy to improve sleep in Veterans with and without TBI: An MTBI2 sponsored protocol"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6992-6851","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica S.","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison T.","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany R.","family":"Ligman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohini D.","family":"Bryant-Ekstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisha A.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savanah J.","family":"Sicard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Twamley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya E.","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea D.","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Morasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Dengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-3196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miranda M.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0305305.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972","article-title":"Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in U.S. Soldiers Returning from Iraq","volume":"358","author":"CW Hoge","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Engl J Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968304271405","article-title":"Insomnia following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review","volume":"18","author":"M-C Ouellet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Re"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref003","first-page":"349","article-title":"Prevalence and consequences of sleep disorders in traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"RJ Castriotta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Medicine Jcsm Official Publ Am Acad Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2014.05.014","article-title":"Sleep and wake disturbances following traumatic brain injury","volume":"62","author":"C Duclos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.201913","article-title":"Sleep\u2013wake disturbances 3 years after traumatic brain injury","volume":"81","author":"J Kempf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0031","article-title":"Different Methods for Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis Influence Presence and Symptoms of Post-Concussive Syndrome in United States Veterans","volume":"38","author":"JE Elliott","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotraum"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7482","article-title":"Increased Sleep Disturbances and Pain in Veterans With Comorbid Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"14","author":"NM Balba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz237","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder increases odds of REM sleep behavior disorder and other parasomnias in Veterans with and without comorbid traumatic brain injury","volume":"43","author":"JE Elliott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7220","article-title":"Sleep Disturbances in Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations With Sensory Sensitivity","volume":"14","author":"JE Elliott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref010","article-title":"Sleep-Wake Disturbances After Traumatic Brain Injury: Synthesis of Human and Animal Studies","volume":"40","author":"DK Sandsmark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx212","article-title":"Dietary therapy restores glutamatergic input to orexin\/hypocretin neurons after traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"41","author":"JE Elliott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854874","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.854874","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation With Branched Chain Amino Acids to Improve Sleep in Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot and Feasibility Trial","volume":"16","author":"JE Elliott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu041","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury Increases Cortical Glutamate Network Activity by Compromising GABAergic Control","volume":"25","author":"D Cantu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21836","article-title":"Loss of hypocretin (orexin) neurons with traumatic brain injury","volume":"66","author":"CR Baumann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e0438b","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and melatonin levels following traumatic brain injury","volume":"74","author":"JA Shekleton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.02.008","article-title":"Sleep Deprivation and Neurobehavioral Dynamics","volume":"23","author":"M Basner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-5428(95)00002-J","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and human immune function","volume":"5","author":"DF Dinges","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26918","article-title":"Behavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction","volume":"03","author":"S Banks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.09.002","article-title":"Identifying important outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: An IMMPACT survey of people with pain","volume":"137","author":"DC Turk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.5.585","article-title":"Sleep Duration and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"33","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-867080","article-title":"Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation","volume":"25","author":"J Durmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3182051397","article-title":"Acupuncture for Treatment of Insomnia in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"27","author":"FS Zollman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehab"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.08.008","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Sleep Disorders","volume":"30","author":"M Viola-Saltzman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S69105","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury-induced sleep disorders","volume":"12","author":"M Viola-Saltzman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsych Dis Treat"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0262955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262955","article-title":"Feasibility and preliminary efficacy for morning bright light therapy to improve sleep and plasma biomarkers in US Veterans with TBI. A prospective, open-label, single-arm trial","volume":"17","author":"JE Elliott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000258672.52836.30","article-title":"Circadian rhythm sleep disorders following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"68","author":"L Ayalon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316650279","article-title":"Circadian Melatonin Rhythm Following Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"30","author":"NA Grima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Re"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy of Bright Light Treatment, Fluoxetine, and the Combination in Patients With Nonseasonal Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"73","author":"RW Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jama Psychiat"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3743","article-title":"Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect","volume":"15","author":"TA LeGates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CNC57","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2018-0006","article-title":"Potential for the development of light therapies in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"AC Raikes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900019611","article-title":"Light Therapy for Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression: Efficacy, Protocol, Safety, and Side Effects","volume":"10","author":"M Terman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cns Spectrums"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v60n1113","article-title":"Bright Light Therapy: Side Effects and Benefits Across the Symptom Spectrum","volume":"60","author":"M Terman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0543-5","article-title":"Light therapy for better mood and insulin sensitivity in patients with major depression and type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-arm trial","volume":"15","author":"A Brouwer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bmc Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref034","first-page":"2008","article-title":"Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: a randomized controlled trial","author":"RFR der Lek","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.08.039","article-title":"Circadian Photoreception: Spotlight on the Brain","volume":"16","author":"SW Lockley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref036","first-page":"161","article-title":"Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans","volume":"29","author":"SW Lockley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1207\/S15402010BSM0101_4","article-title":"Increased Light Exposure Consolidates Sleep and Strengthens Circadian Rhythms in Severe Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"1","author":"S Ancoli-Israel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53817-8.00007-4","article-title":"Chapter 7 Can light make us bright? Effects of light on cognition and sleep","volume":"190","author":"SL Chellappa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11673","article-title":"Aberrant light directly impairs mood and learning through melanopsin-expressing neurons","volume":"491","author":"TA LeGates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104679","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of blue wavelength light exposure on sleep and recovery of brain structure, function, and cognition following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"134","author":"WDS Killgore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E405","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000579","article-title":"Daily Morning Blue Light Therapy Improves Daytime Sleepiness, Sleep Quality, and Quality of Life Following a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"35","author":"AC Raikes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehab"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625431","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.625431","article-title":"Daily Morning Blue Light Therapy for Post-mTBI Sleep Disruption: Effects on Brain Structure and Function","volume":"12","author":"AC Raikes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313508472","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial of Light Therapy for Fatigue Following Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"28","author":"KL Sinclair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Re"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E78","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000500","article-title":"Blue-Enriched White Light Therapy Reduces Fatigue in Survivors of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"35","author":"M-AQ Salva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref045","first-page":"usab014","article-title":"Bright Light Treatment of Combat-related PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"187","author":"SD Youngstedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/22.5.641","article-title":"Practice Parameters for the Use of Light Therapy in the Treatment of Sleep Disorders","volume":"22","author":"AL Chesson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref047","article-title":"Bright Light Therapy as Augmentation of Pharmacotherapy for Treatment of Depression","author":"TM Penders","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01345.x","article-title":"Lux vs. wavelength in light treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder","volume":"120","author":"JL Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychiat Scand"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref049","article-title":"Sample size calculation and power analysis of time-averaged difference","volume":"4","author":"H Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198524847.001.0001","volume-title":"Analysis of longitudinal data","author":"P. Diggle","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195035681.001.0001","volume-title":"Clinical Trials Design, Conduct, and Analysis","author":"C. Meinert","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.08.009","article-title":"The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"A van Maanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","article-title":"The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response","volume":"34","author":"CM Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","article-title":"Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research","volume":"2","author":"C. Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref055","volume-title":"Psychological assessment and management","author":"CM Morin"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"MW Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.7.915","article-title":"Development of the FOSQ-10: A Short Version of the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire","volume":"32","author":"ER Chasens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-006-9047-6","article-title":"Assessment of sleep hygiene using the Sleep Hygiene Index","volume":"29","author":"DF Mastin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9496-9","article-title":"Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global items","volume":"18","author":"RD Hays","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000258615.42478.55","article-title":"The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)","volume":"45","author":"D Cella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e318281966e","article-title":"Screening for Postdeployment Conditions","volume":"29","author":"RD Vanderploeg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehab"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM\u20105 (PCL\u20105): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation","volume":"28","author":"CA Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.067231","article-title":"Developing the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0","volume":"88","author":"TB Ust\u00fcn","year":"2010","journal-title":"B World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delis D, Kaplan E, Kramer J. Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. APA PsycTests. 2001.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15082-000"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benton A, Hamsher dSK, Sivan A. Controlled Oral Word Association Test. APA PsycTests. 1983.","DOI":"10.1037\/t10132-000"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2014Fourth Edition. APA PsycTests. 2008.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15169-000"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305305.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.12.1.43.1726","article-title":"Hopkins Verbal Learning Test\u2013Revised: Normative Data and Analysis of Inter-Form and Test-Retest Reliability: The Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":"12","author":"R Benedict","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528909059144","article-title":"The Dim Light Melatonin Onset as a Marker for Orcadian Phase Position","volume":"6","author":"AJ Lewy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049701200507","article-title":"Salivary Melatonin as a Circadian Phase Marker: Validation and Comparison to Plasma Melatonin","volume":"12","author":"A Voultsios","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.09.014","article-title":"Size of Treatment Effects and Their Importance to Clinical Research and Practice","volume":"59","author":"HC Kraemer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0305305.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0442-1","article-title":"When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"JC Jakobsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC medical research methodology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T18:29:18Z","timestamp":1736274558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305305"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Spitschan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}}}