{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:19:53Z","timestamp":1779175193251,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"ministry of higher education malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Long-Term Research Grant Scheme-(LGRS\/1\/2019\/UKM-UKM\/2\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Long-Term Research Grant Scheme-(LGRS\/1\/2019\/UKM-UKM\/2\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored the pressing issue of drug and substance abuse (DSA) among adolescents in drug hotspots in Malaysia. The Malaysian Anti-drug Agency (AADK) has identified 155 hotspot areas across Malaysia, of which 78 were randomly selected as the study sites. These areas were identified as having extreme drug-related activities such as drug trafficking and drug-related crimes. According to the literature, several factors influence adolescents to be involved in DSA. Therefore, understanding the risk factors in the context of Malaysian school-going adolescents is of utmost importance. The study examined, in particular, a wide range of potential predictors, including socioeconomic factors, peer influence, family dynamics, educational experiences, drug access, and community characteristics. Adolescents in the hotspot areas were selected by means of a cross-sectional survey design with a cluster sampling method. The sample comprised 3382 school-going adolescents, and the data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The logit model method with STATA software was used to analyse the data. The findings of the study revealed that school-going adolescents with disciplinary issues face a two-fold increase in the risk of becoming current drug users compared to their peers. Further, those exhibiting externalising behaviours, such as aggression and rule-breaking, also face greater odds of becoming involved in DSA. Drug pushers were identified as the most significant risk factor, with adolescents exposed to them being 46 times more likely to become current drug users. The factors of friends and family also contribute significantly to adolescent drug involvement. However, adolescents with academic-related issues may be less involved if they have the protective factor of better coping skills. These findings will contribute to efforts to mitigate drug addiction and drug-related activities, particularly in high-risk communities, as well as help policymakers and healthcare professionals develop targeted interventions and generally promote the well-being of adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T17:33:56Z","timestamp":1718386436000},"page":"e0305460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Predictors of drug and substance abuse among school-going adolescents living in drug hotspot in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rozmi","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4235-2781","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nurul Shafini","family":"Shafurdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1186-7067","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md Shafiin","family":"Shukor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azmawati","family":"Mohammed Nawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Rizal","family":"Abdul Manaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norhayati","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roziah","family":"Mohd Rasdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Novel Anak","family":"Lyndon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noh","family":"Amit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siti Aishah","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norshafizah","family":"Hanafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fauziah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fathimath","family":"Nahla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzaily","family":"Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0305460.ref001","article-title":"Substance Abuse Amongst Adolescents: An Issue of Public Health Significance.","author":"A Nath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref002","article-title":"Handbook of drug abuse prevention: Theory, science, and practice.","author":"JS Brook","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref003","first-page":"23","article-title":"Risk And Protective Factors In Predicting Drug And Substance Abuse Among Malaysian Youths. Addicta","volume":"10","author":"R Ismail","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Turkish Journal on Addictions"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4684","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084684","article-title":"Prevalence of Drug and Substance Use among Malaysian Youth: A Nationwide Survey.","volume":"19","author":"R Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ.Res. Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1517797","article-title":"Early Adolescent Patterns of Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Eight Association ofSouth-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States.","volume":"54","author":"SA Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref006","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health (IPH). National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2017: Adolescent Health Survey. 2017. Malaysia."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0245593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245593","article-title":"Polysubstance use among adolescents in Malaysia: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017.","volume":"16","author":"WS Rodzlan Hasani","journal-title":"PLOS ONE. 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref008","article-title":"Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review.","volume":"21","author":"AM Nawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.08.004","article-title":"Predictors of drug use among South African adolescents","volume":"38","author":"JS Brook","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of adolescent health: official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref010","first-page":"164","article-title":"Pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap dadah dalam kalangan remaja di Malaysia.","author":"Nurul Shafini Shafurdin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prosiding Seminar Kaunseling, Sains Sosial & Pendidikan (SKSSP)"},{"issue":"01","key":"pone.0305460.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.17576\/akad-2017-8701-01","article-title":"Pengaruh Faktor Individu, Keluarga dan Persekitaran Sosial Terhadap Tingkah Laku Penyalahgunaan Bahan dalam Kalangan Remaja.","volume":"87","author":"R Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Akademika"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305460.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.207322","article-title":"Prediction of Risk for Boys\u2019 Involvement in Drug Use Based on Levels of Self-evaluations in Russia","volume":"39","author":"SN Islamova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref013","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"A. Bandura","year":"1977"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref014","volume-title":"Rethinking Substance Abuse: What Science Shows,and What We Should Do About It.","author":"WR Miller","year":"2006"},{"issue":"04","key":"pone.0305460.ref015","first-page":"2","article-title":"The Influence of Social Factors inDrug Addiction\u2013A Mini Review of Work by Miller &Carroll (2006).","volume":"5","author":"P. Shanmugam","journal-title":"Journal of Alcoholism & DrugDependence. 2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0305460.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.09.006","article-title":"Over time relationships between early adolescent and peer substance use.","volume":"31","author":"B Simons-Morton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305460.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215824401773303","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017733031","article-title":"Predictors and implications of synthetic drug use among adolescents in the gambling Capital of China.","volume":"7","author":"SD Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"SAGE Open."},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0305460.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1823420","article-title":"Age of first use of prescription opioids and prescription opioid non-medical use among older adolescents.","volume":"55","author":"V Osborne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Substance Use Misuse"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0305460.ref019","article-title":"Family, individual, and other risk factors contributing to risk of substance abuse in young adults: A narrative review.","volume":"14","author":"A Mustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref020","article-title":"The ecology of human development","author":"U. Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Harvard University Press"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1166","article-title":"PROTOCOL: Police stops to reduce crime: A systematic review.","volume":"17","author":"D Weisburd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Campbell Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1043986214525079","article-title":"Assessing the practice of hot spots policing: survey results from a national convenience sample of local police agencies","volume":"30","author":"CS Koper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref023","volume-title":"Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General\u2019s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health [Internet]","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); Office of the Surgeon General (US)","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref024","volume-title":"The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance involvement Screening Test (\u200eASSIST)\u200e: manual for use in primary care.","author":"Humeniuk Rachel","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref025","volume-title":"Bibliography of published studies using the child behavior checklist and related materials","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref026","volume-title":"Mooney Problem Check Lists. [Manual]","author":"RL Mooney","year":"1950"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref027","article-title":"Externalizing and internalizing syndromes in relation to school truancy among adolescents in high-risk urban schools.","author":"NR Nik Jaafar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pac Psychiatry."},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref028","article-title":"\"Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Self-Report of Personality (SRP) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR)\".","author":"Buehnerkemper Jodi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Masters Theses"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305460.ref029","first-page":"285","article-title":"Adjustment To College Work and Its Relationship With Psychological Distress Ininternational students At The University of Indonesia.","volume":"19","author":"B Marella","year":"2021","journal-title":"JurnalPsikologi"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref030","first-page":"94","article-title":"Cyberbullying victimization and depression: self-esteem as a mediator and approach coping strategies as moderators","volume":"71","author":"TTQ Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref031","volume-title":"Drug-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs in Ireland: Report of a Nation-Wide Survey.","author":"A Bryan","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref032","first-page":"750","article-title":"knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to drugs among pahang matriculation students","volume":"6","author":"B Mahdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health Research"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref033","article-title":"Impulsivity and Risk-Taking Behavior in School-Going Adolescents.","author":"U Soni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305460.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9636-7","article-title":"Novelty Seeking and Drug Addiction in Humans and Animals: From Behavior to Molecules.","volume":"11","author":"T Wingo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114560182","article-title":"A comparison of impulsivity, depressive symptoms, lifetime stress and sensation seeking in healthy controls versus participants with cocaine or methamphetamine use disorders.","volume":"29","author":"JJ Mahoney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0305460.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a011940","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011940","article-title":"Responses to Novelty and Vulnerability to Cocaine Addiction: Contribution of a Multi-Symptomatic Animal Model.","volume":"2","author":"D Belin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305460.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2021.1941353","article-title":"Proactive and reactive aggression and substance use among detained youth","volume":"27","author":"PJ Fite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Use"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305460.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0000000000000068","article-title":"Aggression as a Predictor of Early Substance Use Initiation Among Youth With Family Histories of Substance Use Disorders.","volume":"14","author":"CW Mathias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addictive Disorders & Their TreatmentDecember"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305460.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.014","article-title":"Aggression and rule-breaking: Heritability and stability of antisocial behavior problems in childhood and adolescence","volume":"41","author":"S Niv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305460.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.18510\/hssr.2020.83131","article-title":"DRUG-ABUSE INMATES MAQASID SHARIAH QUALITY OF LIFE: A CONCEPTUAL PAPER.","volume":"8","author":"M Norbayusri Baharudin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.04.011","article-title":"Risk taking, sensation seeking and personality as related to changes in substance use from adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"82","author":"N LaSpada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.47836\/pjssh.31.2.07","article-title":"An Analysis on Youth Drug Abuse: Protective and Risk Factors in High-Risk Area.","volume":"31","author":"AAH Shafie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034669","article-title":"The effects of social contact on drug use: Behavioral mechanisms controlling drug intake","volume":"22","author":"JC Strickland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/sea2.12212","article-title":"Inconvenient friendship: How successful cocaine dealers manage social obligations.","volume":"8","author":"D. Crawford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Economic Anthropology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref045","first-page":"124","article-title":"Differentiated normalization and drug transitions among rural youth in Ireland.","volume":"18","author":"MC Van Hout","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy"},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref046","article-title":"The Impact of Role Models, Mentors, and Heroes on Academic and Social Outcomes in Adolescents.","author":"H Atif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0305460.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2013.759005","article-title":"The Impact of Substance Use Disorders on Families and Children: From Theory to Practice.","volume":"28","author":"L Lander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Work in Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref048","unstructured":"The United Office on Drugs and Crimes. World Drug Report 2018; 2018."},{"key":"pone.0305460.ref049","volume-title":"The Palgrave Handbook of Positive Education","author":"T. Ronen","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2013.868363","article-title":"Coping strategies of adolescents with deviant behaviour.","volume":"22","author":"S Markova","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505397","DOI":"10.1080\/17482631.2018.1505397","article-title":"Ways of coping with excessive academic stress among Korean adolescents during leisure time.","volume":"13","author":"SH Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref052","article-title":"Psychological resilience and positive coping styles among Chinese undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"8","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref053","article-title":"Is there room for resilience? A scoping review and critique of substance use literature and its utilization of the concept of resilience.","volume":"12","author":"K Rudzinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12043","article-title":"Coping and emotion regulation from childhood to early adulthood: Points of convergence and divergence.","volume":"66","author":"BE Compas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.24265\/liberabit.2018.v24n2.07","article-title":"Social skills, coping, resilience and problem-solving in psychology university students.","volume":"24","author":"Z de Almeida Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liberabit: Revista Peruana De Psicolog\u00eda."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305460.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X15618313","article-title":"The Role of Social Support and Coping Skills in Promoting Self-Regulated Learning Among Urban Youth.","volume":"50","author":"JC Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Youth & Society."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305460.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-018-0169-y","article-title":"Adolescents, parents and teachers\u2019 perceptions of risk and protective factors of substance use in Moroccan adolescents: a qualitative study.","volume":"13","author":"H El Kazdouh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305460.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.521","article-title":"Prospective effects of parenting on substance use and problems across Asian\/Pacific islander and European American youth: Tests of moderated mediation","volume":"78","author":"JW Luk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305460.ref059","first-page":"29","article-title":"The Role of Parental Involvement and Social\/ Emotional Skills in Academic Achievement: Global Perspectives.","volume":"28","author":"M Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"School Community Journal"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305460","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T17:34:47Z","timestamp":1718386487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305460"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nik Ahmad Sufian","family":"Burhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305460","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]}}}