{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:01:31Z","timestamp":1782187291848,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People naturally exhibit a self-serving bias which can be observed in their tendency to judge their own physical attractiveness more favourably than that of others. Despite this positive self-perception, minimally invasive cosmetic injectable procedures for facial rejuvenation and enhancement are becoming increasingly common. It remains unclear, however, whether recognizing an altered version of one\u2019s own face, enhanced cosmetically, correlates with a positive view of cosmetic surgery and excessive preoccupations about physical characteristics perceived as defects (body dysmorphic concerns). In this study, 30 healthy female participants, aged 18\u201324 years (Mage = 21.1 years, SD = 1.6), engaged in a face recognition task during which their faces were digitally morphed with that of gender-matched unfamiliar women who had undergone cosmetic enhancements, specifically lip and cheek fillers. The duration of exposure to these modified faces varied with short (500 msec) and long (2000 msec) viewing periods. Participants were asked to identify whether the digital morphs represented themselves or the other woman. Self-reports regarding acceptance of cosmetic surgery and dysmorphic concerns were collected. Participants PSE indicated a tendency towards self-bias under short presentation times, shifting towards the other as presentation times lengthened. Interestingly, this effect was associated with greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery and higher body dysmorphic concerns. This study underscores the importance of understanding how perceptions of others\u2019 physical appearances can influence self-recognition and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery, which may have both positive and potentially harmful implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T17:56:35Z","timestamp":1718301395000},"page":"e0305580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["\u2018Magic cosmetic fillers\u2019: Appearance-enhancement effects on self\u2013face recognition"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9826-7798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valentina","family":"Cazzato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stergios","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305580.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.02.004","article-title":"Attention to self-referential stimuli: Can I ignore my own face?.","volume":"128","author":"C Devue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305580.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-018-1487-9","article-title":"Self-face advantage over familiar and unfamiliar faces: A three-level meta-analytic approach.","volume":"25","author":"C Bortolon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev"},{"issue":"3914","key":"pone.0305580.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3914.86","article-title":"Chimpanzees: self-recognition.","volume":"167","author":"GG Gallup","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511812484","volume-title":"Others in mind: Social origins of self-consciousness.","author":"P. Rochat","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0305580.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208318601","article-title":"Mirror, mirror on the wall: Enhancement in self-recognition.","volume":"34","author":"N Epley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0305580.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218211050318","article-title":"Identifying with the beautiful: Facial attractiveness effects on unisensory and multisensory self\u2013other distinction.","volume":"75","author":"E Panagiotopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0400-9","article-title":"Self-face recognition in schizophrenia is related to insight.","volume":"263","author":"C Heinisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-015-0223-y","article-title":"Impaired processing of self-face recognition in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"21","author":"F Hirot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305580.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000415","article-title":"Self\u2013other distinction and borderline personality disorder features: Evidence for egocentric and altercentric bias in a self\u2013other facial morphing task.","volume":"12","author":"C De Meulemeester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers. Disord.: Theory Res. Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305580.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.018","article-title":"Self-face recognition activates a frontoparietal \u201cmirror\u201d network in the right hemisphere: an event-related fMRI study.","volume":"25","author":"LQ Uddin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref011","author":"International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery,","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISAPS-Global-Survey_2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305580.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(03)00209-1","article-title":"Cosmetic rhinoplasty in body dysmorphic disorder.","volume":"56","author":"D Veale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305580.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182818f02","article-title":"Preoperative symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder determine postoperative satisfaction and quality of life in aesthetic rhinoplasty.","volume":"131","author":"VA Picavet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast. Reconst. Surg"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0305580.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.03.015","article-title":"Inverted face processing in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"44","author":"JD Feusner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305580.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.07.005","article-title":"Body image concern and selective attention to disgusting and non-self appearance-related stimuli.","volume":"9","author":"M Onden-Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305580.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.05.002","article-title":"Updates on the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey.","volume":"178","author":"U Buhlmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305580.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.03.003","article-title":"Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Scale development and validation.","volume":"2","author":"D Henderson-King","year":"2005","journal-title":"Body image"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305580.ref018","first-page":"221","article-title":"Dysmorphophobia\u2013A review of its conceptualization and treatment.","volume":"39","author":"P Oosthuizen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0305580.ref019","first-page":"1653","article-title":"Beauty, image, and cosmetic surgery: Where do we draw the line?","volume":"35","author":"TF Cash","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305580.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0155-4","article-title":"Abnormalities in visual processing amongst students with body image concerns.","volume":"10","author":"M Mundy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305580.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0185-0","article-title":"Abnormalities in the visual processing of viewing complex visual stimuli amongst individuals with body image concern.","volume":"12","author":"AJ Duncum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Cogn. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305580.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151933","article-title":"Altering visual perception abnormalities: A marker for body image concern.","volume":"11","author":"FL Beilharz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2012.715516","article-title":"A clinical comparison of men and women on the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) and the Eating Disorder Assessment for Men (EDAM).","volume":"20","author":"SC Stanford","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Treat. Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305580.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2007.06.004","article-title":"Factors that affect the likelihood of undergoing cosmetic surgery","volume":"27","author":"A Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-007-0185-z","article-title":"Looking good: Factors affecting the likelihood of having cosmetic surgery","volume":"30","author":"V Swami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plast. Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305580.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3501","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003501","article-title":"Demographic and cultural differences in the acceptance and pursuit of cosmetic surgery: a systematic literature review","volume":"9","author":"AS Alotaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. reconstr. surg., Glob. open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305580.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2005.01.001","article-title":"Perceptual asymmetries are preserved in memory for highly familiar faces of self and friend","volume":"58","author":"N Brady","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305580.ref028","first-page":"535","article-title":"The Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire: A screening measure for body dysmorphic disorder.","volume":"44","author":"SG Mancuso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429318405-2","article-title":"An introduction to mixed models for experimental psychology.","author":"H Singmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"InNew methods in cognitive psychology"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_2","article-title":"Getting Started with ggplot2.","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","journal-title":"ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305580.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.02.003","article-title":"Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception","volume":"128","author":"B. Rossion","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305580.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2009.08.002","article-title":"Distinguishing the cause and consequence of face inversion: The perceptual field hypothesis","volume":"132","author":"B. Rossion","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305580.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1080\/17470211003611264","article-title":"Self-face recognition is characterized by \u201cbilateral gain\u201d and by faster, more accurate performance which persists when faces are inverted.","volume":"63","author":"H Keyes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0305580.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-020-01471-5","article-title":"Associations of observer\u2019s gender, Body Mass Index and internalization of societal beauty ideals to visual body processing.","volume":"85","author":"V Cazzato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0305580.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1068\/p3354","article-title":"Recognising the usual orientation of one\u2019s own face: The role of asymmetrically located details.","volume":"32","author":"S. Br\u00e9dart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0305580.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450290158368","article-title":"ERPs associated with familiarity and degree of familiarity during face recognition","volume":"112","author":"S Caharel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0305580.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.040","article-title":"Dissociations of subliminal and supraliminal self-face from other-face processing: behavioral and ERP evidence.","volume":"50","author":"H Geng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305580.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.09.006","article-title":"My face or yours? Event-related potential correlates of self-face processing","volume":"72","author":"H Keyes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0305580.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.031","article-title":"Brains of anorexia nervosa patients process self-images differently from non-self-images: an fMRI study.","volume":"46","author":"P Sachdev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0305580.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.036","article-title":"Neural correlates of body dissatisfaction in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"48","author":"HC Friederich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref041","volume-title":"The broken mirror: understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder","author":"KA Phillips","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305580.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-022-01987-6","article-title":"The effect of cosmetic surgery on self-esteem and body image: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trial studies","volume":"46","author":"M Kazeminia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plast. Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305580.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001264","article-title":"Negative predictors for satisfaction in patients seeking facial cosmetic surgery: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"JM Herruer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconst. Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0305580.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00025-1","article-title":"Left hand advantage in a self-face recognition task.","volume":"37","author":"JP Keenan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0305580.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00145-1","article-title":"Hand response differences in a self-face identification task.","volume":"38","author":"JP Keenan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305580.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.25.4.1016","article-title":"Robust representations for faces: evidence from visual search.","volume":"25","author":"F Tong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0305580.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12568","article-title":"Spatializing emotion: No evidence for a domain\u2010general magnitude system.","volume":"42","author":"B Pitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305580.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.3.473","article-title":"Left hemisphere specialization for response to positive emotional expressions: A divided output methodology.","volume":"6","author":"JC Root","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emotion."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305580.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015854","article-title":"Embodiment of abstract concepts: good and bad in right-and left-handers","volume":"138","author":"D. Casasanto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref050","article-title":"How do we place man and woman in our minds? Investigating masculinity and feminity representations by SNARC","volume":"13","author":"B Yener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anatomy: Int. J. Exp. Clin. Anat"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0305580.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13091617","article-title":"Is face age mapped asymmetrically onto space? Insights from a SNARC-like Task","volume":"13","author":"M Dalmaso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0305580.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20041201-19","article-title":"Rate of body dysmorphic disorder among patients seeking facial plastic surgery","volume":"34","author":"CE Crerand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0305580.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/36.Supplement_1.1","article-title":"Cosmetic surgery national data bank statistics.","volume":"36","author":"ASfAP Surgery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0305580.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444821993038","article-title":"Snapchat lenses and body image concerns.","volume":"24","author":"K Burnell","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2014.510132","article-title":"Cosmetic surgery as intrasexual competition: The mediating role of social comparison","volume":"5","author":"S Arnocky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0305580.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.04.010","article-title":"The cosmetic surgery paradox: Toward a contemporary understanding of cosmetic surgery popularisation and attitudes","volume":"38","author":"S Bonell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305580","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T17:56:59Z","timestamp":1718301419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305580"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Urgesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305580","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}