{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T06:28:18Z","timestamp":1776320898422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Free Choice Profiling (FCP) methodology allows observers to qualitatively assess animal behavior using their own vocabulary. This study aims to investigate the ability of 3 different observer groups to recognize pain-related emotions in 20 dogs using FCP methodology, and to compare FCP data with the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale-Short Form (GCPS- SF) scores. The observer groups consisted of 10 dog owners, 10 veterinary students and 10 veterinarians. Ten healthy (\u201chealthy\u201d) dogs and 10 dogs showing clinical signs of pain (\u201cpain\u201d) were filmed, and the resulting 20 footages were shown to observers who were blind to the pain-related nature of the study. All observers described and scored animals\u2019 emotional expression using FCP; then, students and veterinarians scored all dogs using GCPS- SF. FCP data were analyzed using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA). Spearman correlation coefficient (\u03c1) was used to determine the correlation among observer groups\u2019 FCP scores of the first two FCP dimensions (DIM1 and DIM2), and to compare GCPS-SF scores with FCP scores for the students and veterinarian observer groups. Each observer group reached a significant (p &lt; 0.001) good consensus profile. \u201cHealthy\u201d dogs were mainly described as \u201cquiet\u201d and \u201clively\u201d, while the majority of \u201cpain\u201d dogs were considered \u201cin pain\u201d and \u201csuffering\u201d. The correlation among FCP scores was high between owners\u2019 DIM1 and students\u2019 DIM1 (\u03c1 = -0.86), owners\u2019 DIM2 and students\u2019 DIM2 (\u03c1 = 0.72) and students\u2019 DIM2 and vets\u2019 DIM1 (\u03c1 = 0.70). The correlation between GCPS-SF scores and FCP scores was high for students\u2019 DIM2 (\u03c1 = 0.77) and for veterinarians\u2019 DIM1 (\u03c1 = 0.92). Qualitative methods such as FCP could be used in association with semi-quantitative methods to evaluate the effect of pain on animal emotional expression. Observers\u2019 cultural background and personal experience did not substantially affect qualitative behavioral assessment in dogs with acute somatic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T17:47:25Z","timestamp":1718992045000},"page":"e0305925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Qualitative behavioral assessment of dogs with acute pain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8946-0454","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Zanusso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Contiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Normando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flaviana","family":"Gottardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-6829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giulia Maria","family":"De Benedictis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305925.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3293(90)90017-O","article-title":"Interpreting generalized procrustes analysis \u2018analysis of variance\u2019 tables.","volume":"2","author":"G Dijksterhuis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Food Quali Pref"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305925.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3293(91)90049-K","article-title":"Consumer perceptions of dark rum explored by free choice profiling.","volume":"3","author":"JR Piggott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Food Qual Pref"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305925.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-459X.1997.tb00052.x","article-title":"Descriptive analysis of toasted almonds: A comparison between expert and semi-trained assessors.","volume":"12","author":"L Guerrero","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Sens Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305925.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-459X.1998.tb00099.x","article-title":"Comparisons of volatile compounds released during consumption of a complex food by different assessors with expressions of perceived flavor determined by free choice profiling.","volume":"13","author":"PJ O\u2019Riordan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sens Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305925.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-459X.2003.tb00378.x","article-title":"Description of the sensory characteristics of Spanish unifloral honeys by free choice profiling.","volume":"18","author":"M. 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