{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:11:54Z","timestamp":1784265114866,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cesarean Section (CS) is the most popular surgery worldwide in obstetric care to save a mother\u2019s or the fetus\u2019s life. The prevalence of CS delivery in Ethiopia was 0.7% and 1.9% in 2000 and 2016 respectively and its spatial distribution and variation in Ethiopia are limited. This study provides evidence for healthcare providers and pregnant women on the national CS geospatial distribution and variation to promote evidence-based decision-making and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine geospatial patterns and individual and community-level factors of CS deliveries in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A secondary data analysis of 5,527 weighted samples of mothers using the 2019 Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey was conducted. The spatial hotspot analysis using Getis-Ord Gi* hot spot analysis of ArcGIS version 10.7.1 was used to show the spatial cluster of CS and multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analyses were employed. Statistical significance was declared at p-value &lt;0.05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of CS delivery in Ethiopia was 5.4% with 95%CI (4.6%, 6.4%). The spatial autocorrelation shows CS was clustered in Ethiopia (global Moran\u2019s index = 1.009, and p-value&lt;0.001). Spatial hotspot indicates CS was prevalent in Addis Ababa, Diredewa, Oromo, and Somali regions. The odds of CS delivery were higher among mothers aged 24\u201335: AOR = 1.98, 95% CI (1.3, 3.1), and 35\u201349: AOR = 3.7, 95% CI(2.2, 6.1), live with female household heads: AOR = 1.9, 95% CI (1.2, 3.1), mothers with primary AOR = 1.6, 95% CI (1.07, 2.7), secondary: AOR = 2.4, 95% CI (1.3, 4.25) and higher education: AOR = 2.06, 95% CI (1.03, 4.2), multiple births: AOR = 8.1, 95% CI (3.4, 19.74), mothers in Addis Ababa: AOR = 3.4, 95% CI (1.1, 11.9) and Diredewa: AOR = 7, 95% CI (1.23, 40.7) as compared to their counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In Ethiopia, CS deliveries remain below the World Health Organization estimate with distinct geospatial variation. Geographically, CS delivery is concentrated in urban areas like Addis Ababa and Diredewa, as well as in parts of the Somali and Oromia regions. Maternal age, female household head, Muslim religion, higher educational status, and multiple births at the individual level, and region at the community level were factors of CS delivery in Ethiopia. Therefore, efforts should be geared towards strategies and interventions to ensure fair access to CS delivery in line with WHO recommendations, especially in the regions where the CS delivery rate is below WHO estimates in Tigray, Amhara, Afar, and Benishangul Gumze regions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T18:18:41Z","timestamp":1724782721000},"page":"e0306052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Geospatial patterns, and individual and community levels factors of cesarean section deliveries in Ethiopia: A spatial and multilevel analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7613-7079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abel","family":"Endawkie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimels Derso","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natnael","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengistu Mera","family":"Mihiretu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ermias","family":"Bekele Enyew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kokeb","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakew","family":"Asmare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fekade Demeke","family":"Bayou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastewal","family":"Arefaynie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawkal","family":"Tsega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0306052.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198758563.001.0001","volume-title":"Textbook of caesarean section","author":"E. 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