{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:42:26Z","timestamp":1791250946713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global public health risk posed by <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Kentucky (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Kentucky) is rising, particularly due to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes in human and animal populations. This serovar, widespread in Africa, has emerged as a notable cause of non-typhoidal gastroenteritis in humans. In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach to develop a peptide-based vaccine targeting epitopes from the outer membrane proteins A, C, and F of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Kentucky. Additionally, we employed flagellin protein (<jats:italic>fliC<\/jats:italic>) from <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium) as an adjuvant to enhance the vaccine\u2019s effectiveness. Through this approach, we identified 14 CD8+ and 7 CD4+ T-cell epitopes, which are predicted to be restricted by various MHC class I and MHC class II alleles. The predicted epitopes are expected to achieve a population coverage of 94.91% when used in vaccine formulations. Furthermore, we identified seven highly immunogenic linear B-cell epitopes and three conformational B-cell epitopes. These T-cell and B-cell epitopes were then linked using appropriate linkers to create a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV). To boost the immunogenicity of the peptide construct, <jats:italic>fliC<\/jats:italic> from <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium was included at the N-terminal. The resulting MEV construct demonstrated high structural quality and favorable physicochemical properties. Molecular docking studies with Toll-like receptors 1, 2, 4, and 5, followed by molecular dynamic simulations, suggested that the vaccine-receptor complexes are energetically feasible, stable, and robust. Immune simulation results showed that the MEV elicited significant responses, including IgG, IgM, CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, and various cytokines (IFN-\u03b3, TGF-\u03b2, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-12), along with a noticeable reduction in antigen levels. Despite these promising <jats:italic>in-silico<\/jats:italic> findings, further validation through preclinical and clinical trials is required to confirm the vaccine\u2019s efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T19:51:17Z","timestamp":1736538677000},"page":"e0306200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Immunoinformatics design of a novel multiepitope vaccine candidate against non-typhoidal salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Kentucky using outer membrane proteins A, C, and F"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9096-358X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elayoni E.","family":"Igomu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul H.","family":"Mamman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-272X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jibril","family":"Adamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6465-7704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abubarkar O.","family":"Woziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manasa Y.","family":"Sugun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Benshak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kingsley C.","family":"Anyika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda","family":"Sam-Gyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Ehizibolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0306200.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.06.007","article-title":"Evolution of Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in the Clinical Context","volume":"26","author":"AS Millan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306200.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"WHO Pathogens Priority List Working Group. 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