{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:30Z","timestamp":1787022150685,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009321","name":"icare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CT18848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT18848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec021\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this article is to study inclusion and recognition experienced amongst people with a Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) in Norway, The Netherlands, and Australia. This is approached both from the perspectives of an interest in the impact of mobility limitations versus social attitudes, and from a consideration of differences between societies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec022\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data derive from the core questionnaire of International Spinal Cord Injury Community Survey with extended national modules on the attitudes and values of respondents from Norway, The Netherlands, and Australia. The data gathered in 2017\u201318 include 2,450 participants aged 18 years or older. The data are analysed and presented with descriptive statistics and OLS regression analyses. In order to explore our main questions, we run regression controlling for country effects in addition exploring within country effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec023\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mobility limitations are a substantially weaker predictor of self-perceived inclusion and recognition than experiences of negative attitudes towards disabled people. Stereotypical attitudes and norms in society are shown to have various impacts on inclusion in the three countries. The Norwegian respondents report overall better results on inclusion and recognition than respondents in Australia and The Netherlands, illustrating the importance of national contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec024\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Challenges associated with inclusion, recognition, and respect after SCI need to be defined in a language broader than mobility limitations and stereotypical attitudes towards people with an SCI. The main road to both inclusion and recognition in society is primarily linked to job and educational status, in addition to family and friends. The results are of particular interest as measures to support reintegration into society, including a strengthening of labour market integration programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T17:51:24Z","timestamp":1743529884000},"page":"e0306231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experienced inclusion and recognition amongst people with spinal cord injury: A comparative study in Norway, The Netherlands, and Australia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9086-6670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annelie Schedin","family":"Leiulfsrud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian Bernhof","family":"Ellinggard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel W. M.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kon","family":"Leiulfsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0306231.ref001","volume-title":"International perspectives on spinal cord injury: summary","author":"Bickenbach, Jerome, Officer, Alana, Shakespeare, Tom, von Groote, Per, World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306231.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000085","article-title":"Social and community participation following spinal cord injury: a critical review","volume":"38","author":"L Barclay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306231.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011597","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011597","article-title":"Longitudinal study of social participation and well-being among persons with spinal cord injury and their partners (pro-WELL)","volume":"7","author":"C Fekete","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref004","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Leaving no one behind: the importance of inclusive development","year":"United Nations"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781935049968","volume-title":"Mobility impairment at the construction of identity","author":"H Ridolfo","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306231.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12417","article-title":"The social meaning of disability: a reflection on categorisation, stigma and identity","volume":"38","author":"J Grue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref007","volume-title":"Disability and identity \u2013 negotiating self in a changing society","author":"RB Darling","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306231.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00460.x","article-title":"Reconsidering the stigma of physical disability: Wheelchair use and public kindness","volume":"36","author":"SE Cahill","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sociol Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306231.ref009","first-page":"32","article-title":"Hoe ervaren mensen met verschillende mobiliteit na een dwarslaesie hun gezondheid, functioneren en welbevinden? [Associations between mobility level and levels of health, functioning and well-being]","volume":"43","author":"R Osterthun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Revalidatiegeneeskd"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306231.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2012.686781","article-title":"Back to the future: the world report on disability","volume":"27","author":"M Oliver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disab Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306231.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1455","article-title":"Being wheelchair-bound and being bedridden: two concept analyses","volume":"10","author":"J Schirghuber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0306231.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/09687590500156162","article-title":"Increases in wheelchair use and perceptions of disablement","volume":"20","author":"B Sapey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306231.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0001699304048668","article-title":"Recognition and justice: outline of a plural theory of justice","volume":"47","author":"A Honneth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Sociol"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1dv0tv0","volume-title":"The course of recognition","author":"P Ricouer","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306231.ref015","first-page":"107","article-title":"Rethinking recognition","volume":"3","author":"N Fraser","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Left Rev"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref016","volume-title":"Attitudes matter: findings from a national survey of community attitudes toward people with disability in Australia","author":"A Bollier","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref017","author":"OECD","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref018","volume-title":"The three worlds of welfare capitalism","author":"G Esping-Andersen","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306231.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S0143814X00008576","article-title":"Welfare over time: three worlds of welfare capitalism in panel perspective","volume":"17","author":"B Headey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pub Pol"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref020","volume-title":"Different worlds of welfare capitalism: Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, Italy, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Australian National University Discussion Paper","author":"C Aspalter","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref021","author":"OECD","year":"2010"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0306231.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20110108","article-title":"Disability insurance and the dynamics of the incentive insurance trade-off","volume":"105","author":"H Low","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55446-0_2","article-title":"Inclusive society and social work: the Netherlands","volume-title":"Ambivalences of inclusion in society and social work. European social work education and practice","author":"M Freitas","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038505058376","volume-title":"Class, moral worth and recognition","author":"A Sayer","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 1","key":"pone.0306231.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000647","article-title":"Study protocol of the international spinal cord injury (InSCI) community survey","volume":"96","author":"MH Gross-Hemmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0306231.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.01.022","article-title":"Cohort profile of the international spinal cord injury community survey implemented in 22 countries","volume":"101","author":"C Fekete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306231.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-022-00850-6","article-title":"Australian arm of the International Spinal Cord Injury (Aus-InSCI) community survey: 1. Population-based design, methodology and cohort profile","volume":"61","author":"JW Middleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306231.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03189-4","article-title":"An investigation of the level of stigma and the factors influencing it in the rehabilitation of young and middle-aged stroke patients-a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0306231.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053211027631","article-title":"Causal attributions and perceived stigma for myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"27","author":"L Froehlich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0306231.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000512","article-title":"Understanding stigma and chronic pain: a-state-of-the-art review","volume":"157","author":"L De Ruddere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref031","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Exploring persons with a spinal cord injury participation in society: the paradoxes of the participation dimension in the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Doctoral Thesis NTNU","author":"AS Leiulfsrud","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref032","article-title":"Recognition: conceptualization and context.","volume-title":"Concepts in action","author":"A. Gimmler","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0306231.ref033","author":"United Nations \u2013 Article 9"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T17:53:37Z","timestamp":1743530017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306231"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Adedayo","family":"Ajidahun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306231","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.06.16.24308999","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}