{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T23:54:55Z","timestamp":1775346895647,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bavarian State Ministry of Health and Care: Bayerisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Pflege","award":["G42d-G8300-2017\/1606-83"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G42d-G8300-2017\/1606-83"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nCurrently, there is no curative treatment for dementia. The implementation of preventive measures is of great importance. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and address individual and modifiable risk factors. Social isolation, defined through social networks, is a factor that may influence the onset and progression of the disease. The networks of older people are mostly composed of either family or friends. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of social isolation and network composition on cognition over the course of 12 months in people with cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nData basis is the multicentre, prospective, longitudinal register study \u2018Digital Dementia Registery Bavaria\u2014digiDEM Bayern\u2018. The degree of social isolation was assessed using the Lubben Social Network Scale- Revised (LSNS-R) and the degree of cognitive impairment using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), conducted at baseline and after 12 months. Data were analysed using pre-post ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline MMSE, age, gender, education, living situation and Barthel-Index.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\n106 subjects (78.9 \u00b1 8.2 years; 66% female) were included in the analysis. The mean MMSE score at baseline was 24.3 (SD = 3.6). Within the friendship subscore, risk for social isolation was highly prevalent (42.5%). Though, there was no difference between individuals with higher\/ lower risk of social isolation within the friendship-network after adjusting for common risk factors in cognitive decline over time, F (1,98) = .046, p = .831, partial \u03b72<\/jats:sup> = .000.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nThe results of this study showed that the risk of social isolation from friends is very high among people with cognitive impairment. However, social isolation does not appear to have a bearing influence on the course of cognition. Nevertheless, it is important for people with cognitive impairment to promote and maintain close social contacts with friends.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T17:24:23Z","timestamp":1720805063000},"page":"e0306447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of social network composition on cognitive decline: Digital Dementia Registry Bavaria (digiDEM Bayern)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8169-2309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa","family":"Laininger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5820-3738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikolas","family":"Dietzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Graessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Ulrich","family":"Prokosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Kolominsky-Rabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0306447.ref001","author":"Deutsche Alzheimer Gesellschaft e. V. (Hrsg.).","year":"2022","journal-title":"Informationsblatt 1 Die H\u00e4ufigkeit von Demenzerkrankungen"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306447.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","article-title":"Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"388","author":"CH van Dyck","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306447.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18094","article-title":"Association between social integration and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.","volume":"71","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"10248","key":"pone.0306447.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"G Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306447.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0219663","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219663","article-title":"Health risks associated with social isolation in general and in young, middle and old age","volume":"14","author":"O. H\u00e4mmig","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306447.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010799","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010799","article-title":"Loneliness, social isolation and social relationships: what are we measuring? A novel framework for classifying and comparing tools","volume":"6","author":"KV Nicole","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306447.ref007","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Social relationships and cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies","volume":"45","author":"JS Kuiper","year":"2016","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"s1","key":"pone.0306447.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180501","article-title":"Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"70","author":"IEM Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00330","article-title":"Changes in Social Network Size Are Associated With Cognitive Changes in the Oldest-Old.","volume":"11","author":"S R\u00f6hr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781849668187","author":"J. Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"What is social network analysis?: Bloomsbury Academic"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306447.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P322","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.6.P322","article-title":"Social network types among older adults: a multidimensional approach","volume":"62","author":"KL Fiori","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref012","article-title":"Social isolation in the oldest-old: determinants and the differential role of family and friends.","author":"KI Moormann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref013","author":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (Hrsg.)","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Opportunities for the health care system: National Academies Press (US);"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.103936","article-title":"Factors relating to social isolation in urban Japanese older people: A 2-year prospective cohort study","volume":"86","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0306447.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201008","article-title":"Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people.","volume":"13","author":"IEM Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306447.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac215","article-title":"Weak Social Networks in Late Life Predict Incident Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Kuakini Honolulu-Asia Aging Study","volume":"78","author":"KJ Kallianpur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0306447.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5065","article-title":"Social networks and loneliness in people with Alzheimer\u2019s dementia.","volume":"34","author":"S Balouch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0306447.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1745146","article-title":"Social networks in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease: longitudinal relationships with dementia severity, cognitive function, and adverse events.","volume":"25","author":"AH Dyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306447.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e043473","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043473","article-title":"Digital Dementia Registry Bavaria-digiDEM Bayern: study protocol for a multicentre, prospective, longitudinal register study","volume":"11","author":"N Dietzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731286","article-title":"Designing and Implementing an IT Architecture for a Digital Multicenter Dementia Registry: digiDEM Bayern.","volume":"12","author":"M Reichold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Clinical Informatics."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306447.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.003","article-title":"The Mini-Mental State Examination as a diagnostic and screening test for delirium: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"36","author":"AJ Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306447.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4756","article-title":"A re-examination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores.","volume":"33","author":"N Carson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0306447.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000065892.67099.2A","article-title":"Gender, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons","volume":"60","author":"LL Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306447.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1159\/000076356","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based three-year follow-up study of cognitively healthy elderly subjects.","volume":"17","author":"S Tervo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306447.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M268","article-title":"Predictors of cognitive decline and mortality of aged people over a 10-year period","volume":"59","author":"RS Tilvis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0306447.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a92c36","article-title":"Predictors of maintaining cognitive function in older adults: the Health ABC study","volume":"72","author":"K Yaffe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref027","author":"United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (Hrsg.).","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISCED 2011 Operational Manual: Guidelines for classifying National Education Programms and related qualifikcations OECD PUBLISHING"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306447.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-1034-6","article-title":"Activities of daily living in older community-dwelling persons: a systematic review of psychometric properties of instruments.","volume":"31","author":"M Hopman-Rock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref029","first-page":"61","article-title":"FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION: THE BARTHEL INDEX.","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306447.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg028","article-title":"Social Engagement and Disability in a Community Population of Older Adults: The New Haven EPESE","volume":"157","author":"CF Mendes de Leon","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref031","first-page":"319","article-title":"Centrality of social ties to the health and well-being of older adults.","author":"J Lubben","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social work and health care in an aging world."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306447.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503","article-title":"Performance of an Abbreviated Version of the Lubben Social Network Scale Among Three European Community-Dwelling Older Adult Populations.","volume":"46","author":"J Lubben","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Gerontologist."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306447.ref033","first-page":"189","article-title":"Mini-mental state\". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306447.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000564","article-title":"Social network characteristics and cognitive functioning in ethnically diverse older adults: The role of network size and composition.","volume":"33","author":"N Sharifian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0306447.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002862","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002862","article-title":"Association of social contact with dementia and cognition: 28-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study.","volume":"16","author":"A Sommerlad","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0306447.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027517734587","article-title":"From Social Integration to Social Isolation: The Relationship Between Social Network Types and Perceived Availability of Social Support in a National Sample of Older Canadians.","volume":"40","author":"O Harasemiw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research on Aging."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306447.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-015-9626-8","article-title":"Social support from family and friends and subjective well-being of older African Americans.","volume":"17","author":"AW Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306447.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.15.2.187","article-title":"Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: a meta-analysis.","volume":"15","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Aging."},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref039","first-page":"138","article-title":"Altern im Wandel.","volume":"125","author":"J Wolff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zwei Jahrzehnte Deutscher Alterssurvey (DEAS)."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306447.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458","article-title":"Social ties and mental health.","volume":"78","author":"I Kawachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306447.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept.","volume":"8","author":"Y. Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0306447.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Y. Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0306447.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"47","author":"Y. Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306447.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.115923","article-title":"Social network, cognitive function, and dementia incidence among elderly women.","volume":"98","author":"VC Crooks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9212","key":"pone.0306447.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02113-9","article-title":"Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal study","volume":"355","author":"L Fratiglioni","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref046","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Advances in personal relationships.","author":"FR Lang","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306447.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732319874782","article-title":"Maintaining Social Connections in Dementia: A Qualitative Synthesis.","volume":"30","author":"L Birt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"key":"pone.0306447.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188887","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1188887","article-title":"Social connections and participation among people with mild cognitive impairment: barriers and recommendations.","volume":"14","author":"D Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306447.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214002749","article-title":"Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: a systematic review.","volume":"27","author":"L Boss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0306447.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181f5e121","article-title":"What aspects of social network are protective for dementia? Not the quantity but the quality of social interactions is protective up to 15 years later","volume":"72","author":"H Amieva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306447.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2010.487103","article-title":"Boredom-proneness, loneliness, social engagement and depression and their association with cognitive function in older people: a population study.","volume":"15","author":"RM Conroy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0306447.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0220195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220195","article-title":"Social engagement before and after dementia diagnosis in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.","volume":"14","author":"RA Hackett","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T17:25:01Z","timestamp":1720805101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306447"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ryota","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}}}