{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:15:27Z","timestamp":1790129727156,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24fk0108677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24fk0108677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22H03332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H03332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24K12570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K12570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is associated with preterm delivery and neonatal complications. PPROM is often complicated by intra-amniotic inflammation and\/or microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity with <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>. Various prophylactic antibiotic therapies have been proposed to prolong latency between PPROM and delivery, reduce the risk of clinical chorioamnionitis, and improve neonatal complications. However, information on the potential of azithromycin administration to reduce the microbial load of vaginal <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> remains lacking. This prospective cohort study included singleton pregnancies managed with prophylactic antibiotics for PPROM at less than 36 weeks of gestation. All patients received the standard antibiotic regimen for PPROM, which consisted of a single oral azithromycin and intravenous ampicillin every for 2 days followed by 5 days of oral amoxicillin. Vaginal swabs samples were collected when PPROM was confirmed and after the antibiotic regimen administration. The main outcome measures were to investigate the changes in vaginal <jats:italic>Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus spp.<\/jats:italic> due to the antibiotic regimen. In addition, the association between the presence and changes in vaginal <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>, pregnancy outcomes, and neonatal complications were examined. Out of 82 eligible PPROM, 51 had positive vaginal <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>. Thirty-six patients (52.2%) completed the antibiotic regimen. Among those with positive vaginal <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> who completed the antibiotic regimen, 75% experienced an increase in vaginal <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> levels. For those who delivered before completing all antibiotic doses, 40% had increased vaginal <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> levels. Furthermore, the antibiotic regimen resulted in decreased <jats:italic>Lactobacillus spp.<\/jats:italic> in almost all cases. It was suggested that azithromycin and ampicillin may not be effective when targeting <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>. Since this study did not search for resistance genes, it cannot be determined that azithromycin resistance in <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> is responsible for the present results. In addition, vaginal <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic> changes were not found to be associated with neonatal sepsis or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Future studies are needed to revalidate current antibiotic therapy for PPROM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T18:37:42Z","timestamp":1739903862000},"page":"e0306958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Changes in vaginal Ureaplasma and Lactobacillus due to antibiotic regimen for premature rupture of membranes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-1846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haruna","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Nakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shusaku","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itaru","family":"Yanagihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306958.ref001","first-page":"178","article-title":"Preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"101","author":"BM Mercer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9606","key":"pone.0306958.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306958.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298.e1\u2013298.e14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.029","article-title":"Preterm premature rupture of membranes at 22-25 weeks\u2019 gestation: perinatal and 2-year outcomes within a national population-based study (EPIPAGE-2)","volume":"219","author":"E Lorthe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10017","key":"pone.0306958.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00724-2","article-title":"Immediate delivery compared with expectant management after preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes close to term (PPROMT trial): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"JM Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0306958.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166794","article-title":"High diversity and variability in the vaginal microbiome in women following preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"T Paramel Jayaprakash","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0306958.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery","volume":"342","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0306958.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.03.067","article-title":"Increased intrauterine frequency of Ureaplasma urealyticum in women with preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of the membranes and subsequent cesarean delivery","volume":"193","author":"A Witt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306958.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13390","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13390","article-title":"The role of genital mycoplasma infection in female infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"OAG Tantengco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306958.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000239","article-title":"Association between pulmonary ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"J Lowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306958.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00091-16","article-title":"The human Ureaplasma species as causative agents of chorioamnionitis","volume":"30","author":"EL Sweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306958.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2018.11.004","article-title":"Different degrees of maternal Ureaplasma colonization and its correlation with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in <32 weeks\u2019 preterm infants","volume":"60","author":"J Chun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306958.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114078","article-title":"Vaginal microbiomes show ethnic evolutionary dynamics and positive selection of Lactobacillus adhesins driven by a long-term niche-specific process","volume":"43","author":"X Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pone.0306958.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153894","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1153894","article-title":"Use of probiotic lactobacilli in the treatment of vaginal infections: In vitro and in vivo investigations","volume":"13","author":"P Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306958.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2022-044","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of the Ureaplasma spp. prevalence with reference to other genital tract infections in women of reproductive age","volume":"71","author":"K Rak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0306958.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26098","article-title":"Intrauterine Ureaplasma is associated with small airway obstruction in extremely preterm infants","volume":"57","author":"H Kitajima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"pone.0306958.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918557","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.918557","article-title":"Molecular basis of the slow growth of mycoplasma hominis on different energy sources","volume":"12","author":"DV Evsyutina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0306958.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1103729","article-title":"A new antibiotic regimen treats and prevents intra-amniotic inflammation\/infection in patients with preterm PROM","volume":"29","author":"J Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0306958.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550120049032","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. A randomized controlled trial. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network","volume":"278","author":"BM Mercer","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8985","key":"pone.0306958.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91868-X","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy in expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"346","author":"BM Mercer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306958.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.043","article-title":"Antibiotic administration reduces the rate of intraamniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes","volume":"223","author":"M Kacerovsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306958.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003700","article-title":"Prelabor rupture of membranes: ACOG practice bulletin, number 217","volume":"135","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306958.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100978","article-title":"Efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics for preterm premature rupture of membranes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"L-L Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"pone.0306958.ref023","unstructured":"(NICE) LNIfHaCE. Preterm labour and birth NICE guideline [NG25]. 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0306958.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004142","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 217: Prelabor Rupture of Membranes","volume":"136","author":"Y Siegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306958.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794\u2013801.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.12.262","article-title":"Erythromycin vs azithromycin for treatment of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"226","author":"RD Seaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306958.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-198612000-00008","article-title":"Diagnosis of chorioamnionitis","volume":"29","author":"D Hollander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306958.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"163","author":"AH Jobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306958.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000157","article-title":"Time for a neonatal-specific consensus definition for sepsis","volume":"15","author":"JL Wynn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0306958.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3128-3136.2004","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of diverse Lactobacillus species present in advanced dental caries","volume":"42","author":"R Byun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9261","key":"pone.0306958.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04233-1","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: the ORACLE I randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group","volume":"357","author":"Oracle Collaborative Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306958.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144.e1\u2013144.e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.009","article-title":"Azithromycin vs erythromycin for the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"221","author":"R Navathe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0306958.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13903","article-title":"New antibiotic regimen for preterm premature rupture of membrane reduces the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"45","author":"S Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306958.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050601135485","article-title":"Antibiotic administration to patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes does not eradicate intra-amniotic infection","volume":"20","author":"R Gomez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306958.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318122","article-title":"Randomised trial of azithromycin to eradicate Ureaplasma in preterm infants","volume":"105","author":"RM Viscardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"pone.0306958.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-171","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis in pregnant women","volume":"14","author":"MJ Redelinghuys","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0306958.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30154-7","article-title":"Prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones in Mycoplasma genitalium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"DA Machalek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306958.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00627-6","article-title":"Global analysis on the mutations associated with multidrug-resistant urogenital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"M Abavisani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"pone.0306958.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S405286","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of azithromycin-resistant ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis cervical infection among pregnant women","volume":"16","author":"S Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0306958.ref039","first-page":"620","article-title":"Detection and drug resistance of Mycoplasma in 850 patients with genitourinary system infection","volume":"21","author":"Y-FD Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eval Anal Drug Use Hosp China"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306958.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2008.0817","article-title":"Transition mutations in 23S rRNA account for acquired resistance to macrolides in Ureaplasma urealyticum","volume":"14","author":"M Dongya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306958.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02560\u201319","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02560-19","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in clinical Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis and structural mechanisms underlying quinolone resistance","volume":"64","author":"T Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306958.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000100757.38675.50","article-title":"Pulmonary Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with the development of acute lung inflammation and chronic lung disease in preterm infants","volume":"55","author":"S Kotecha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0306958.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2011.022","article-title":"In utero exposure to Ureaplasma spp. is associated with increased rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants","volume":"39","author":"DC Kasper","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"pone.0306958.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3182111827","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with ureaplasma colonization in preterm infants","volume":"69","author":"AC Okogbule-Wonodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0306958.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1076","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides in lung disease","volume":"31","author":"A Jaff\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0306958.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000363493","article-title":"Azithromycin and other macrolides for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"V Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0306958.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25230","article-title":"Azithromycin for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"A Razak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0306958.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01464-4","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health","volume":"19","author":"WJY Chee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306958.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"RP Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0306958.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01412.x","article-title":"Vaginal Lactobacillus microbiota of healthy women in the late first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"114","author":"H Kiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"pone.0306958.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05136","article-title":"Characterisation of the vaginal Lactobacillus microbiota associated with preterm delivery","volume":"4","author":"L Petricevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0306958.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206.e1\u2013206.e23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034","article-title":"A specific bacterial DNA signature in the vagina of Australian women in midpregnancy predicts high risk of spontaneous preterm birth (the Predict1000 study)","volume":"224","author":"MS Payne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0306958.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00694-10","article-title":"Inerolysin, a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin produced by Lactobacillus iners","volume":"193","author":"R Rampersaud","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306958","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T18:37:58Z","timestamp":1739903878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306958"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306958","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]}}}