{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:19:10Z","timestamp":1792815550873,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>International agreement supports physical functioning as a key domain to measure interventions effectiveness for low back pain. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are commonly used in the lumbar spinal surgery population but physical functioning is multidimensional and necessitates evaluation also with physical measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>1) To identify outcome measures (PROMs and physical) used to evaluate physical functioning in the lumbar spinal surgery population. 2) To assess measurement properties and describe the feasibility and interpretability of physical measures of physical functioning in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two-staged systematic review and narrative synthesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review was conducted according to a registered and published protocol. Two stages of searching were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Health &amp; Psychosocial Instruments, CINAHL, Web of Science, PEDro and ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses. Stage one included studies to identify physical functioning outcome measures (PROMs and physical) in the lumbar spinal surgery population. Stage two (inception to 10 July 2023) included studies assessing measurement properties of stage one physical measures. Two independent reviewers determined study eligibility, extracted data and assessed risk of bias (RoB) according to COSMIN guidelines. Measurement properties were rated according to COSMIN criteria. Level of evidence was determined using a modified GRADE approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stage one included 1,101 reports using PROMs (n = 70 established in literature, n = 67 developed by study authors) and physical measures (n = 134). Stage two included 43 articles assessing measurement properties of 34 physical measures. Moderate-level evidence supported sufficient responsiveness of 1-minute stair climb and 50-foot walk tests, insufficient responsiveness of 5-minute walk and sufficient reliability of distance walked during the 6-minute walk. Very low\/low-level evidence limits further understanding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec006\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many physical measures of physical functioning are used in lumbar spinal surgery populations. Few have investigations of measurement properties. Strongest evidence supports responsiveness of 1-minute stair climb and 50-foot walk tests and reliability of distance walked during the 6-minute walk. Further recommendations cannot be made because of very low\/low-level evidence. Results highlight promise for a range of measures, but prospective, low RoB studies are required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T18:44:22Z","timestamp":1724957062000},"page":"e0307004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Physical functioning in the lumbar spinal surgery population: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of outcome measures and measurement properties of the physical measures"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2130-652X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katie L.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai","family":"Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Beilin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9113-4834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Lukacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0307004.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0307004.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0","article-title":"Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"A Cieza","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0307004.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions","volume":"391","author":"NE Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0307004.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001869","article-title":"The Lancet Series call to action to reduce low value care for low back pain: an update","volume":"161","author":"R Buchbinder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pone.0307004.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a105fc","article-title":"Surgery for low back pain: A review of the evidence for an American pain society clinical practice guideline","volume":"34","author":"R Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"pone.0307004.ref006","article-title":"Patient reported outcome measures could help transform healthcare","volume":"346","author":"N. 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