{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:21:01Z","timestamp":1782289261609,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cause of sport injuries are multifactorial and necessitate sophisticated statistical approaches for accurate identification of risk factors predisposing athletes to injury. Pattern recognition analyses have been adopted across sporting disciplines due to their ability to account for repeated measures and non-linear interactions of datasets, however there are limited examples of their use in injury risk prediction. This study incorporated two-years of rigorous monitoring of athletes with 1740 individual weekly data points across domains of training load, performance testing, musculoskeletal screening, and injury history parameters, to be one of the first to employ a pattern recognition approach to predict the risk factors of specific non-contact lower limb injuries in Rugby Union. Predictive models (injured vs. non-injured) were generated for non-contact lower limb, non-contact ankle, and severe non-contact injuries using Bayesian pattern recognition from a pool of 36 Senior Academy Rugby Union athletes. Predictors for non-contact lower limb injuries included dorsiflexion angle, adductor strength, and previous injury history (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) = 0.70) Dorsiflexion angle parameters were also predictive of non-contact ankle injuries, along with slower sprint times, greater body mass, previous concussion, and previous ankle injury (ROC = 0.76). Predictors of severe non-contact lower limb injuries included greater differences in mean training load, slower sprint times, reduced hamstring and adductor strength, reduced dorsiflexion angle, greater perceived muscle soreness, and playing as a forward (ROC = 0.72). The identification of specific injury risk factors and useable thresholds for non-contact injury risk detection in sport holds great potential for coaches and medical staff to modify training prescriptions and inform injury prevention strategies, ultimately increasing player availability, a key indicator of team success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T17:43:51Z","timestamp":1729791831000},"page":"e0307287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Non-contact lower limb injuries in Rugby Union: A two-year pattern recognition analysis of injury risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0299-1357","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seren Lois","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oran Elphinstone","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleri Sian","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9609-8422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julian","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0307287.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013391","article-title":"A prospective study of injuries and training amongst the England 2003 Rugby World Cup squad","volume":"39","author":"JHM Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0307287.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090272","article-title":"Risk factors for injury in rugby union football in New Zealand: a cohort study","volume":"46","author":"DJ Chalmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0307287.ref003","article-title":"Match and training injury risk in semi-professional rugby union: A four-year study","author":"SL Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0307287.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003998","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003998","article-title":"Epidemiology of time-loss injuries in English community-level rugby union","volume":"3","author":"SP Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0307287.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-516X\/2020\/v32i1a8062","article-title":"Rugby World Cup 2019 injury surveillance study","volume":"32","author":"C Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"South Afr J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0307287.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094798","article-title":"Time loss injuries compromise team success in Elite Rugby Union: a 7-year prospective study","volume":"50","author":"S Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0307287.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096731","article-title":"Injuries impair the chance of successful performance by sportspeople: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"MK Drew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0307287.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1231-5304","article-title":"New Machine Learning Approach for Detection of Injury Risk Factors in Young Team Sport Athletes","volume":"42","author":"S Jauhiainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0307287.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096256","article-title":"Why screening tests to predict injury do not work\u2014and probably never will\u2026: a critical review","volume":"50","author":"R. 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