{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:11:11Z","timestamp":1791364271629,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Sida Contribution No. 12103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sida Contribution No. 12103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 109813\u2013001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 109813\u2013001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While a few studies have examined barriers to school re-entry among adolescent mothers, studies focusing on the experiences of girls in low-income informal settlements are scarce. We examined the factors that hindered parenting girls living in a resource-constrained urban setting from re-enrolling in school.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Study setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted the study in Korogocho, a low-income urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Barriers to school re-entry were documented through inductive thematic analysis of 32 in-depth interviews with pregnant and parenting adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 years (N = 22), parents\/guardians (N = 10), and 10 key informant interviews with teachers (N = 4), and community leaders (N = 6).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interviewed girls blamed their being out of school on their childcare responsibilities, poverty, stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes from students and teachers, and withdrawal of parental support. While parents, teachers, and community leaders agreed that poverty and lack of childcare support hindered parenting girls from returning to school, they contended that robust support systems encompassing childcare and financial support, and less hostile school environments constituted facilitators of school re-entry among parenting adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the 2020 National Guidelines for School Re-entry in Kenya seek to deter the exclusion of adolescent mothers from education thereby ensuring retention, transition and completion at all basic education levels, the findings underscore the need for programs that ensure that pregnant and parenting adolescents have the requisite financial, material, and childcare support to facilitate their retention or re-enrollment in school in line with the Guidelines. School administrators and the Ministry of Education should develop and implement interventions that make the school environment less hostile for parenting girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T13:33:06Z","timestamp":1721655186000},"page":"e0307532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Poverty, childcare responsibilities, and stigma hinder adolescent mothers from returning to school in a low-income urban informal settlement in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-3230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheila","family":"Mukabana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benta","family":"Abuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline W.","family":"Kabiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Idowu","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0307532.ref001","article-title":"Understanding the experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescents in Blantyre","author":"CSR APHRC and","year":"2022","journal-title":"Southern Malawi"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2019.102880","article-title":"Once they fall pregnant, they don\u2019t come back\u201d: Teacher perspectives on Zambia\u2019s school re-entry policy for adolescent mothers","volume":"86","author":"SS Zuilkowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref003","article-title":"Challenges of school re-entry among teenage mothers in primary schools in Muhoroni District, Western Kenya.","volume":"2015","author":"G Onyango","year":"2015","journal-title":"Erick, Challenges of School Re-Entry Among Teenage Mothers in Primary Schools in Muhoroni District, Western Kenya"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0307532.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.26522\/ssj.v12i2.1624","article-title":"Re-conceptualizing school continuation & re-entry policy for young mothers living in an urban slum context in Nairobi, Kenya: A participatory approach.","volume":"12","author":"MP Nyariro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Studies in Social Justice"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0307532.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1837911","article-title":"When marriage is the best available option: Perceptions of opportunity and risk in female adolescence in Tanzania.","volume":"16","author":"SB Schaffnit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105002","article-title":"Drivers of repeat pregnancy among teenage mothers in Accra, Ghana.","volume":"113","author":"L Okine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0307532.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnss.2019.03.013","article-title":"Adolescent mothers\u2019 experiences of the transition to motherhood: An integrative review.","volume":"6","author":"E Erfina","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0307532.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/09766634.2015.11885667","article-title":"Factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in South Africa: The case of Matjitjileng Village","volume":"6","author":"TD Thobejane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0307532.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2017.08.005","article-title":"Social issues of teenage pregnancy.","volume":"27","author":"SM Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0307532.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12646-019-00496-0","article-title":"A Qualitative Analysis of Experiences, Challenges and Coping Strategies of the Namibian Teenage Mothers in the Kavango Regions.","volume":"64","author":"P Dhaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0307532.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6394-0","article-title":"\u201cThey say that I have lost my integrity by breaking my virginity\u201d: experiences of teen school going mothers in two schools in Lusaka Zambia.","volume":"19","author":"S Nkwemu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0307532.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2019.1682100","article-title":"\u201cEvery time when I make a mistake in class, educators would say, you baby mama you must keep quiet:\u201d Challenges confronting teenage mothers when re-engaging with secondary school education in a Johannesburg secondary school, South Africa.","volume":"30","author":"H Malatji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0307532.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2017.1330908","article-title":"Psychosocial risk factors for perinatal depression among female adolescents: a systematic review.","volume":"38","author":"P Recto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Issues in mental health nursing."},{"issue":"71","key":"pone.0307532.ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Girls\u2019 Re-Entry into School after Pregnancy in the Ashiedu Keteke Sub-Metro District, Accra: Implication for substantive policy","volume":"16","author":"J. Baa-Poku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ghana Social Science"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref015","article-title":"National guidelines for school re-entry in early learning and basic education","author":"Ministry of Education","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kenya"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0307532.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"Re-entry policy and retention of expectant students and teen mothers in public secondary schools in Vihiga Sub-County, Kenya.","volume":"10","author":"LL Imbosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Education and Research"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref017","author":"Ministry of Education Science and Technology, Malawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Readmission Policy for Primary and Secondary Schools"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0307532.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5897\/IJEAPS2014.0383","article-title":"Impact of teenage motherhood on the academic performance in public primary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya.","volume":"7","author":"BK Catherine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Educ Admin Pol Stud."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0307532.ref019","article-title":"Re-admission policy and Kenya certificate of secondary education performance in Bungoma North Sub-County, Kenya","volume":"3","author":"V. Wekesa","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Research and Development"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref020","author":"CBK Tarus","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Level of Awareness of Re\u2013entry Policy of Teenage Mothers in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0307532.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu251","article-title":"Health & Demographic Surveillance System Profile: The Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS).","volume":"44","author":"D Beguy","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9594-1","article-title":"Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System","volume":"88","author":"J Emina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref023","author":"J Mumah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coping with unintended pregnancies: Narratives from adolescents in Nairobi\u2019s slums"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref024","article-title":"The practice of social research.","author":"ER Babbie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cengage learning"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31899\/rh4.1041","author":"CC Undie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expanding Access to Secondary School Education for Teenage Mothers in Kenya: A Baseline Study Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0307532.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276009","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2016.1276009","article-title":"Educational resiliency in teen mothers.","volume":"4","author":"LL Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogent Education."},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref027","author":"EL Walgwe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kenya: Helping adolescent mothers remain in school through strengthened implementation of school re-entry policies"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref028","unstructured":"Fact-sheet-on-the-lived-experiences-of-PPAs-in-Burkina-Faso-English-online-version.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 11]. Available from: https:\/\/aphrc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Fact-sheet-on-the-lived-experiences-of-PPAs-in-Burkina-Faso-English-online-version.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0307532.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1057\/s41287-021-00438-5","article-title":"\u2018If She\u2019s Pregnant, then that Means that Her Dreams Fade Away\u2019: Exploring Experiences of Adolescent Pregnancy and Motherhood in Rwanda.","volume":"33","author":"E Coast","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dev Res."},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref030","author":"S Mufalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Challenges of School Re-Entry among Learner-Mothers and Mitigation Strategies Instituted by Stakeholders in Schools in Masaiti District"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0307532.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2019.1600053","article-title":"The journey into motherhood and schooling: narratives of teenage mothers in the South African context.","volume":"25","author":"J Naidoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Inclusive Education"},{"key":"pone.0307532.ref032","article-title":"Getting girls back to school in Kenya: The 4Ts (\u2019Trace, Track, Talk and reTurn\u2019) Initiative implementation report","author":"G Odwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Population Council"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0307532.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2019.1571177","article-title":"School-going teenage mothers in an under-resourced community: lived experiences and perceptions of support","volume":"22","author":"Z Amod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Studies"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T13:33:36Z","timestamp":1721655216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307532"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sogo France","family":"Matlala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307532","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]}}}