{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:20:11Z","timestamp":1788304811192,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003968","name":"The Iran National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4000093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021077","name":"Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["98001181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98001181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Currently, no safe vaccine against leishmaniasis is available. So far, different control strategies against numerous reservoir hosts and biological vectors have not been environment-friendly and feasible. Hence, employing medicinal components and conventional drugs could be a promising approach to developing novel therapeutic alternatives. This study aimed to explore diallyl sulfide (DAS), a dynamic constituent of garlic, alone and in a mixture with meglumine antimoniate (MAT as standard drug) using\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and animal model experiments against\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    stages. The binding affinity of DAS and four major defense elements of the immune system (iNOS, IFN-\u0263, IL-12, and TNF-\u03b1) was used to predict the predominant binding mode for molecular docking configurations. Herein, we conducted a broad range of experiments to monitor and assess DAS and MAT potential treatment outcomes. DAS, combined with MAT, displayed no cytotoxicity and employed a powerful anti-leishmanial activity, notably against the clinical stage. The function mechanism involved immunomodulation through the induction of Th1 cytokine phenotypes, triggering a high apoptotic profile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and antioxidant enzymes. This combination significantly decreased cutaneous lesion diameter and parasite load in BALB\/c mice. The histopathological findings performed the infiltration of inflammatory cells associated with T-lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ phenotypes, as determined by biochemical markers in alleviating the amastigote stage and improving the pathological changes in\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected BALB\/c mice. Therefore, DAS and MAT deserve further advanced therapeutic development and should be considered as possible candidates for treating volunteer cases with cutaneous leishmaniasis in designing an upcoming clinical trial.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T13:53:58Z","timestamp":1725026038000},"page":"e0307537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of the antileishmanial activity of diallyl sulfide combined with meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania major: Molecular docking, in vitro, and animal model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Zarrinkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-6834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iraj","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Salarkia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Keyhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Babaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Khamesipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hakimi Parizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Molaakbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahriar","family":"Dabiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Bamorovat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0307537.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"From infection to vaccination: reviewing the global burden, history of vaccine development, and recurring challenges in global leishmaniasis protection.","author":"G Volpedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04447-x","article-title":"A spatio-temporal agent-based approach for modeling the spread of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeast Iran.","volume":"13","author":"M Tabasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref003","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref004","first-page":"401","article-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance: 2019-2020, a baseline for the 2030 roadmap\/Surveillance mondiale de la leishmaniose: 2019-2020, une periode de reference pour la feuille de route a l\u2019horizon 2030.","volume":"96","author":"JA Ruiz-Postigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence.","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.638957","article-title":"Determinants of Unresponsiveness to Treatment in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Focus on Anthroponotic Form Due to Leishmania tropica.","volume":"12","author":"M Bamorovat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment response varies depending on parasite species, geographical location and development of secondary infection","volume":"12","author":"WS Al-Salem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref008","first-page":"1408","article-title":"The Potential of Traditional Knowledge to Develop Effective Medicines for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis.","volume":"12","author":"LFD Passero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments.","volume":"23","author":"HJC de Vries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13566","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13566","article-title":"Overview of herbal and traditional remedies in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on Traditional Persian Medicine.","volume":"33","author":"MM Parvizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613077","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.613077","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum).","volume":"12","author":"SB Bhatwalkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S337905","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anti-toxoplasma effects of Allium sativum essential oil against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain","author":"SF Alnomasy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.12.016","article-title":"The analysis of onion and garlic","volume":"1112","author":"V. Lanzotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref014","article-title":"Phytomedicines, herbal drugs, and poisons.","author":"B-E van Wyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"University of Chicago Press"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref015","first-page":"69","article-title":"Host\u2019s immune response in unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis treated by meglumine antimoniate: A case-control study of Th1 and Th2 pathways","author":"M Bamorovat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8070375","article-title":"Anti-Leishmania amazonensis Activity, Cytotoxic Features, and Chemical Profile of Allium sativum (Garlic) Essential Oil.","volume":"8","author":"AR Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"16648714","key":"pone.0307537.ref017","first-page":"128","article-title":"Diallyl Disulfide: A Bioactive Garlic Compound with Anticancer Potential","volume":"2023","author":"S Mitra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biological aspects of targeted drug discovery: Development of novel targets and\/or chemotherapies, and drug repurposing."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref018","article-title":"Bioactivity and health effects of garlic essential oil: A review.","author":"L Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14919","article-title":"Treatment options for leishmaniasis","volume":"47","author":"S Pradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1021\/jm051197e","article-title":"MolDock: a new technique for high-accuracy molecular docking","volume":"49","author":"R Thomsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42717","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717","article-title":"SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules","volume":"7","author":"A Daina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-022-00432-0","article-title":"Evaluation of the anticandidal activity of clotrimazole using Lactobacillus caseie ghosts as biological drug carrier","volume":"30","author":"T Eslaminejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108274","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo therapeutic potentials of 6-gingerol in combination with amphotericin B for treatment of Leishmania major infection: Powerful synergistic and multifunctional effects","volume":"101","author":"A Keyhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(80)90069-3","article-title":"A histological classification of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its geographical expression","volume":"74","author":"DS Ridley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz049","article-title":"Anti-leishmanial activity of a topical miltefosine gel in experimental models of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"74","author":"LF Neira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.019","article-title":"Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings","volume":"64","author":"CA Lipinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref027","author":"DJ Triggle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II. Elsevier"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104497","article-title":"Synthesis, molecular docking, and in silico ADME\/Tox profiling studies of new 1-aryl-5-(3-azidopropyl) indol-4-ones: Potential inhibitors of SARS CoV-2 main protease.","volume":"106","author":"FX Dom\u00ednguez-Villa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref029","first-page":"e00570","article-title":"Molecular docking studies, drug-likeness and in-silico ADMET prediction of some novel \u03b2-Amino alcohol grafted 1, 4, 5-trisubstituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles derivatives as elevators of p53 protein levels.","volume":"10","author":"ZY Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Afr."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2147\/AABC.S323657","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity, in silico molecular docking, ADMET and DFT analysis of secondary metabolites from roots of three ethiopian medicinal plants","author":"M Anza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106704","article-title":"The potential role of nicotinamide on Leishmania tropica: An assessment of inhibitory effect, cytokines gene expression and arginase profiling","volume":"86","author":"RT Oliaee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref032","first-page":"435","article-title":"Plant-derived immunomodulators.","author":"A Nair","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Look to Phytomedicine. Elsevier"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref033","first-page":"14","article-title":"Anti-leishmanial and immunomodulatory effects of epigallocatechin 3-o-gallate on leishmania tropica: Apoptosis and gene expression profiling","author":"M Saduqi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109730","article-title":"Phytochemicals of garlic: Promising candidates for cancer therapy. Biomedicine &","volume":"123","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173804","article-title":"Health benefits of plant-derived sulfur compounds, glucosinolates, and organosulfur compounds.","volume":"25","author":"N Mi\u0119kus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.08.006","article-title":"Antiviral potential of garlic (Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data.","volume":"104","author":"R Rouf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03180E","article-title":"Biological properties and therapeutic applications of garlic and its components.","volume":"13","author":"L Melguizo-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0291322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291322","article-title":"In silico and in vitro potentials of crocin and amphotericin B on Leishmania major: Multiple synergistic mechanisms of actions.","volume":"18","author":"E Salarkia","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref039","first-page":"399","article-title":"Current scenario of drug development for leishmaniasis","volume":"123","author":"SL Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007206","article-title":"In vitro activity and mode of action of phenolic compounds on Leishmania donovani.","volume":"13","author":"CA Antwi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2129","article-title":"Leishmania species\u2010dependent functional duality of toll\u2010like receptor 2","volume":"71","author":"A Jafarzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.72","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: immune responses in protection and pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"P Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1232042","article-title":"Pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review.","volume":"110","author":"N Maspi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155321","article-title":"The importance of T cell-derived cytokines in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"147","author":"A Jafarzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/9789811428395120040003","article-title":"Anti inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Medicinal Plant Products.","volume":"4.","author":"A Bouyahya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research-Anti-Allergy Agents"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref046","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Natural products: insights into leishmaniasis inflammatory response.","author":"IA Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2021.e00201","article-title":"The potential role and apoptotic profile of three medicinal plant extracts on Leishmania tropica by MTT assay, macrophage model and flow cytometry analysis.","volume":"12","author":"M Ilaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11081191","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in the tumor microenvironment: an overview.","volume":"11","author":"F Weinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref049","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the control of parasite loads and inflammation in Leishmania amazonensis infection.","volume":"9","author":"EH Roma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref050","first-page":"1934","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of oral quercetin in hamsters infected with Leishmania Viannia braziliensis","volume":"12","author":"Santos RF dos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173392","article-title":"4-nitrochalcone exerts leishmanicidal effect on L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and the 4-nitrochalcone encapsulation in beeswax copaiba oil nanoparticles reduces macrophages cytotoxicity","volume":"884","author":"JP Assolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1021\/np400193m","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species production by quercetin causes the death of Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes","volume":"76","author":"F Fonseca-Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref053","article-title":"Sesamol induces apoptosis-like cell death in leishmania donovani","volume":"1053","author":"R Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref054","first-page":"407","article-title":"Investigation of DNA damage and protein damage caused by oxidative stress in canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"77","author":"F Kiral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medycyna weterynaryjna-veterinary medicine-science and practice"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67432-5","article-title":"Differential expression of polyamine biosynthetic pathways in skin lesions and in plasma reveals distinct profiles in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"10","author":"H Malta-Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802860","article-title":"IFN-\u03b2 impairs superoxide-dependent parasite killing in human macrophages: evidence for a deleterious role of SOD1 in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"182","author":"R Khouri","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1896830","article-title":"Catalase impairs Leishmania mexicana development and virulence","volume":"12","author":"J S\u00e1dlov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16333","article-title":"Evidence supporting the enhanced efficacy of pentavalent antimonials with adjuvant therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"34","author":"H Husein\u2010ElAhmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00193","article-title":"Exploring the role of medicinal plant-based immunomodulators for effective therapy of leishmaniasis.","volume":"5","author":"G Chouhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02002.x","article-title":"Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime\u00ae) vs. cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime\u00ae) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"43","author":"A Asilian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0307537.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0931","article-title":"Combination therapy against Indian visceral Leishmaniasis with Liposomal Amphotericin B (FungisomeTM) and short-course miltefosine in comparison to miltefosine monotherapy.","volume":"103","author":"RP Goswami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307537","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T13:55:07Z","timestamp":1725026107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307537"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nisha","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}