{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:00:22Z","timestamp":1787806822617,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004012","name":"Jane ja Aatos Erkon S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004012","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on SARS-CoV-2, the viral pathogen that causes COVID-19, has identified angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the primary viral receptor. Several genes that encode viral cofactors, such as TMPRSS2, NRP1, CTSL, and possibly KIM1, have since been discovered. Glutamyl aminopeptidase (APA), encoded by the gene ENPEP, is another cofactor candidate due to similarities in its biological role and high correlation with ACE2 and other human coronavirus receptors, such as aminopeptidase N (APN) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). Recent studies have proposed a role for ENPEP as a viral receptor in humans, and ENPEP and ACE2 are both closely involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system proposed to play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology. We performed bioinformatic analyses using publicly available bulk (&gt;17,000 samples from 49 distinct tissues) and single-cell (&gt;2.5 million cells) RNA-Seq gene expression datasets to evaluate the expression and function of the ENPEP gene. We also investigated age- and sex-related changes in ENPEP expression. Overall, expression of ENPEP was highest in the small intestine enterocyte brush border and the kidney cortex. ENPEP is widely expressed in a subset of vascular smooth muscle cells (likely pericytes) in systemic vasculature, the heart, and the brain. ENPEP is expressed at low levels in the lower respiratory epithelium. In the lung, ENPEP is most highly expressed in para-alveolar fibroblasts. Single-cell data revealed ENPEP expression in a substantial fraction of ependymal cells, a finding not reported before in humans. Age increases ENPEP expression in skeletal muscle and the prostate, while decreasing it in the heart and aorta. Angiogenesis was found to be a central biological function associated with the ENPEP gene. Tissue-specific roles, such as protein digestion and fat metabolism, were also identified in the intestine. In the liver, the gene is linked to the complement system, a connection that has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Expression of ENPEP and ACE2 is strongly correlated in the small intestine and renal cortex. Both overall and in blood vessels, ENPEP and ACE2 have a stronger correlation than many other genes associated with SARS-CoV-2, such as TMPRSS2, CTSL, and NRP1. Possible interaction between glutamyl aminopeptidase and SARS-CoV-2 should be investigated experimentally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T18:37:35Z","timestamp":1733942255000},"page":"e0307731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bioinformatic characterization of ENPEP, the gene encoding a potential cofactor for SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Antti","family":"Arppo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-2522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harlan","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-8536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seppo","family":"Parkkila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0307731.ref001","first-page":"536","article-title":"The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2","author":"AE Gorbalenya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology. Nature Research"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.04.007","article-title":"COVID-19 versus SARS: A comparative review.","volume":"14","author":"AS Keshta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref004","volume-title":"Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19).","author":"M Cascella","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein.","volume":"181","author":"AC Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"I Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection.","volume":"14","author":"X Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref008","article-title":"Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses","author":"F Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240647","article-title":"Bioinformatic characterization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"15","author":"H Barker","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref010","first-page":"370","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity","author":"L Cantuti-Castelvetri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00558-8","article-title":"Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development","volume":"6","author":"M-M Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00419-w","article-title":"Novel cleavage sites identified in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reveal mechanism for cathepsin L-facilitated viral infection and treatment strategies","volume":"8","author":"M-M Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00426-x","article-title":"CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells.","volume":"5","author":"K Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref014","article-title":"KIM-1\/TIM-1 is a Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in Lung and Kidney.","author":"Y Mori","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707780059571","article-title":"The structure and main functions of aminopeptidase N","volume":"14","author":"Y Luan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9069","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.15.9069","article-title":"Identification of Glutamate Residues Essential for Catalytic Activity and Zinc Coordination in Aminopeptidase A (*).","volume":"271","author":"G Vazeux","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/357420a0","article-title":"Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E.","volume":"357","author":"CL Yeager","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"VS Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00259-6","article-title":"Prediction of the Receptorome for the Human-Infecting Virome.","volume":"36","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol Sin."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1012021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012021","article-title":"Cellular receptors for mammalian viruses.","volume":"20","author":"A Valero-Rello","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.15.7069","article-title":"Molecular cloning of the human kidney differentiation antigen gp160: human aminopeptidase A","volume":"90","author":"DM Nanus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.2.676","article-title":"Aminopeptidase A activity of the murine B-lymphocyte differentiation antigen BP-1\/6C3","volume":"88","author":"Q Wu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303587","article-title":"Hypertension: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system alterations","volume":"116","author":"L Te Riet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref024","first-page":"23503","article-title":"Enzymatic properties of human aminopeptidase A. Regulation of its enzymatic activity by calcium and angiotensin IV","volume":"281","author":"Y Goto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.04.014","article-title":"Angiotensin III: a physiological relevant peptide of the renin angiotensin system","volume":"46","author":"VG Yugandhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(96)00036-8","article-title":"The in vivo metabolism of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) is essentially ensured by aminopeptidase A.","volume":"17","author":"M Migaud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25638","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.494955","article-title":"Structural insights into central hypertension regulation by human aminopeptidase A","volume":"288","author":"Y Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20080471","article-title":"Asp218 participates with Asp213 to bind a Ca2+ atom into the S1 subsite of aminopeptidase A: a key element for substrate specificity","volume":"416","author":"C Claperon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4240-7","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2: a molecular and cellular perspective","volume":"61","author":"FJ Warner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402108","article-title":"Hypertension and angiotensin II hypersensitivity in aminopeptidase A-deficient mice","volume":"9","author":"T Mitsui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref031","first-page":"364","article-title":"Aminopeptidase A: a key enzyme in the intrarenal degradation of angiotensin II","volume":"5","author":"G Wolf","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.04.042","article-title":"Effects of angiotensin II and its metabolites in the rat coronary vascular bed: is angiotensin III the preferred ligand of the angiotensin AT2 receptor","volume":"588","author":"JHM van Esch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.23.13415","article-title":"Aminopeptidase A inhibitors as potential central antihypertensive agents","volume":"96","author":"A Reaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/ajm.ajm_117_20","article-title":"Firibastat, the first-in-class brain aminopeptidase a inhibitor, in the management of hypertension: A review of clinical trials.","volume":"11","author":"SA Alomar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000360","article-title":"Firibastat: An Oral First-in-Class Brain Aminopeptidase A Inhibitor for Systemic Hypertension","volume":"30","author":"J Khosla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22713-z","article-title":"COVID-19 pathophysiology may be driven by an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.","volume":"12","author":"S Rysz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1993.tb02193.x","article-title":"Widespread tissue distribution of aminopeptidase A, an evolutionarily conserved ectoenzyme recognized by the BP-1 antibody","volume":"42","author":"L Li","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(04)00025-X","article-title":"Aminopeptidase A is a functional target in angiogenic blood vessels","volume":"5","author":"S Marchi\u00f2","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016111166","article-title":"Deficiency of the Angiotensinase Aminopeptidase A Increases Susceptibility to Glomerular Injury","volume":"28","author":"JCQ Velez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2019.140332","article-title":"New insights into human endometrial aminopeptidases in both implantation and menstruation. Biochim Biophys Acta","volume":"1868","author":"S Mizutani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proteins Proteomics"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref041","first-page":"14","article-title":"Altered glutamyl-aminopeptidase activity and expression in renal neoplasms","author":"L Blanco","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21266","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15072","article-title":"Aminopeptidase A initiates tumorigenesis and enhances tumor cell stemness via TWIST1 upregulation in colorectal cancer.","volume":"8","author":"H-Y Chuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109357","article-title":"Iron deficiency downregulates ENPEP to promote angiogenesis in liver tumors","volume":"117","author":"H Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2000.0555","article-title":"Placental aminopeptidase A as a possible barrier of angiotensin II between mother and fetus","volume":"21","author":"Y Hariyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz1776","article-title":"The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues","volume":"369","author":"GTEx Consortium","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment","volume":"9","author":"JD Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computing in Science and Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03021","article-title":"seaborn: statistical data visualization","volume":"6","author":"M. Waskom","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing","volume":"17","author":"P Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Python. Nat Methods"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref049","first-page":"69","article-title":"Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research.","volume":"24","author":"MM Mukaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W191","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz369","article-title":"g:Profiler: a web server for functional enrichment analysis and conversions of gene lists (2019 update).","volume":"47","author":"U Raudvere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","article-title":"Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome","volume":"347","author":"M Uhl\u00e9n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D932","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa940","article-title":"HeRA: an atlas of enhancer RNAs across human tissues","volume":"49","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref054","article-title":"Evolution is in the details: Regulatory differences in modern human and Neanderthal.","author":"HR Barker","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D95","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj115","article-title":"A new generation of JASPAR, the open-access repository for transcription factor binding site profiles","volume":"34","author":"D Vlieghe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref056","article-title":"CZ CELL\u00d7GENE Discover: A single-cell data platform for scalable exploration, analysis and modeling of aggregated data.","author":"CZI Single-Cell Biology Program","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add7046","article-title":"Transcriptomic diversity of cell types across the adult human brain","volume":"382","author":"K Siletti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2797-4","article-title":"Cells of the adult human heart","volume":"588","author":"M Litvi\u0148ukov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03852-1","article-title":"Cells of the human intestinal tract mapped across space and time","volume":"597","author":"R Elmentaite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref060","article-title":"An integrated cell atlas of the human lung in health and disease","author":"L Sikkema","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1382-0","article-title":"SCANPY: large-scale single-cell gene expression data analysis","volume":"19","author":"FA Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41695-z","article-title":"From Louvain to Leiden: guaranteeing well-connected communities.","volume":"9","author":"VA Traag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0229-2","article-title":"Deep generative modeling for single-cell transcriptomics.","volume":"15","author":"R Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh2169","article-title":"A single-cell type transcriptomics map of human tissues.","volume":"7","author":"M Karlsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12124","article-title":"Neuropilin Regulation of Angiogenesis, Arteriogenesis, and Vascular Permeability","volume":"21","author":"A Plein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1445-9","article-title":"ADGRL4\/ELTD1 is a highly conserved angiogenesis-associated orphan adhesion GPCR that emerged with the first vertebrates and comprises 3 evolutionary variants","volume":"19","author":"DM Favara","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A80","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-300198.143","article-title":"143 Tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulates angiogenesis independently of tissue factor via inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor signalling","volume":"97","author":"EW Holroyd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65582-4","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C\/VEGF-2) promotes angiogenesis in the setting of tissue ischemia.","volume":"153","author":"B Witzenbichler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.10.043","article-title":"Ischemia-induced angiogenesis is impaired in aminopeptidase A deficient mice via down-regulation of HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"402","author":"R Kubota","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.2.149","article-title":"Cellular and developmental control of O2 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha","volume":"12","author":"NV Iyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref071","first-page":"306","article-title":"Novel role of aminopeptidase-A in angiotensin-(1\u20137) metabolism post myocardial infarction.","author":"MS Alghamri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2018.12.008","article-title":"Brain renin-angiotensin system blockade with orally active aminopeptidase A inhibitor prevents cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"127","author":"SE Boitard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199608)179:4<436::AID-PATH611>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Aminopeptidase a is a constituent of activated pericytes in angiogenesis","volume":"179","author":"RO Schlingemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05402.x","article-title":"Human brain aminopeptidase A: biochemical properties and distribution in brain nuclei","volume":"106","author":"N de Mota","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-8166(98)80014-1","article-title":"Continuous subendothelial network formed by pericyte-like cells in human vascular bed","volume":"30","author":"ER Andreeva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05193","article-title":"Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes","volume":"443","author":"CM Peppiatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000182903.16652.d7","article-title":"Endothelial\/pericyte interactions.","volume":"97","author":"A Armulik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200303-371OC","article-title":"Human alveolar wall fibroblasts directly link epithelial type 2 cells to capillary endothelium","volume":"168","author":"FE Sirianni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1983","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals ectopic and aberrant lung-resident cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"TS Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref080","article-title":"Cellxgene Data Portal","author":"Pericyte"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref081","article-title":"Pericyte-specific vascular expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 \u2013implications for microvascular inflammation and hypercoagulopathy in COVID-19.","author":"L He","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref082","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 \u2013A vascular disease.","volume-title":"Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine","author":"HK Siddiqi","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112518","article-title":"Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with cardiomyocytes: Insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of cardiac injury and pharmacotherapy","volume":"146","author":"A Abdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2022.09.001","article-title":"Human Cardiac Pericytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.","volume":"8","author":"BD Brumback","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac272","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 triggers pericyte-mediated cerebral capillary constriction","volume":"146","author":"C Hirunpattarasilp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4081\/1184","article-title":"ACE2 and AT4R are present in diseased human blood vessels","volume":"52","author":"A Zulli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052824","article-title":"Lack of Evidence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Replicative Infection by SARS-CoV-2 in Human Endothelial Cells","volume":"143","author":"IR McCracken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref088","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption and sustained systemic inflammation in individuals with long COVID-associated cognitive impairment","author":"C Greene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19980915)53:6<637::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Role of the CNS microvascular pericyte in the blood-brain barrier","volume":"53","author":"R Balabanov","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03015-0","article-title":"Elevation of plasma angiotensin II level is a potential pathogenesis for the critically ill COVID-19 patients.","volume":"24","author":"Z Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24628-1","article-title":"The systemic renin-angiotensin system in COVID-19.","volume":"12","author":"R Reindl-Schwaighofer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1643-8","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury","volume":"63","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025289","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.025289","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibitors and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Revealing Critical Bias Across a Body of Observational Research.","volume":"11","author":"J Loader","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2005396","article-title":"Association between Angiotensin Blockade and Incidence of Influenza in the United Kingdom","volume":"383","author":"S-C Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"M Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4595","article-title":"Angiotensin II plasma levels are linked to disease severity and predict fatal outcomes in H7N9-infected patients.","volume":"5","author":"F Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115321","article-title":"Role of SARS-COV-2 and ACE2 in the pathophysiology of peripheral vascular diseases","volume":"166","author":"H Tanzadehpanah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225551","article-title":"Angiotensin III Induces JAK2\/STAT3 Leading to IL-6 Production in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.","volume":"20","author":"AZ Alanazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(96)00226-4","article-title":"Angiotensin III and IV activation of the brain AT1 receptor subtype in cardiovascular function","volume":"17","author":"JW Wright","year":"1996","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1995.tb01032.x","article-title":"Angiotensin receptors in the brain","volume":"77","author":"S H\u00f6hle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15060696","article-title":"Analgesics induce alterations in the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry and arachidonic-acid-metabolizing genes in the mouse lungs.","volume":"15","author":"F Khirfan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12862","article-title":"Effect of common medications on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors in kidney tissue.","volume":"13","author":"N Saheb Sharif-Askari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-00922-3","article-title":"Impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors on COVID-19.","volume":"45","author":"Y Matsuzawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertens Res."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90997-2","article-title":"Localization of immunoreactive glutamyl aminopeptidase in rat brain. II. Distribution and correlation with angiotensin II","volume":"606","author":"DP Healy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R413","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.2.R413","article-title":"Aminopeptidase-A. I. CDNA cloning and expression and localization in rat tissues","volume":"278","author":"M Troyanovskaya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(11)80019-X","article-title":"Enzyme histochemical studies of membrane proteases in rat subfornical organ","volume":"96","author":"LE De Bault","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(11)80002-4","article-title":"Membrane-bound proteases of the gerbil subfornical organ and choroid plexus: an enzyme histochemical study","volume":"96","author":"A Mitro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2015.11.007","article-title":"Megalin and cubilin in proximal tubule protein reabsorption: from experimental models to human disease","volume":"89","author":"R Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1143","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00808.2009","article-title":"Connexins and the kidney","volume":"298","author":"F Hanner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000046307","article-title":"Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen: primary structure, expression and role in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"K Yoshioka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref111","first-page":"R412","article-title":"Quantification of conversion and degradation of circulating angiotensin in rats","volume":"277","author":"J Bauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.3.623","article-title":"A nephritogenic rat monoclonal antibody to mouse aminopeptidase A. Induction of massive albuminuria after a single intravenous injection","volume":"175","author":"KJ Assmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11228","article-title":"ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation","volume":"487","author":"T Hashimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(88)80940-2","article-title":"Assignment of the human aminopeptidase N (peptidase E) gene to chromosome 15q13-qter.","volume":"239","author":"TA Kruse","year":"1988","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-014-1889-6","article-title":"Human intestine luminal ACE2 and amino acid transporter expression increased by ACE-inhibitors","volume":"47","author":"RN Vuille-dit-Bille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G686","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00140.2012","article-title":"Defective intestinal amino acid absorption in Ace2 null mice","volume":"303","author":"D Singer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G273","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00504.2009","article-title":"Balance of meprin A and B in mice affects the progression of experimental inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"300","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2021.119158","article-title":"Regulation of meprin metalloproteases in mucosal homeostasis","volume":"1869","author":"L Werny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000084","article-title":"Intestinal lipid absorption and lipoprotein formation","volume":"25","author":"MM Hussain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1177","article-title":"Serum aminopeptidase A activity of mice is related to dietary fat saturation","volume":"131","author":"G Arechaga","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2002.0334a.x","article-title":"Dietary fatty acid composition affects aminopeptidase activities in the testes of mice","volume":"25","author":"G Arechaga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32813fa2e2","article-title":"Intestinal cholesterol transport proteins: an update and beyond","volume":"18","author":"E Levy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406309200","article-title":"Aminopeptidase N (CD13) is a molecular target of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe in the enterocyte brush border membrane.","volume":"280","author":"W Kramer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1993.1386","article-title":"cDNA cloning and expression of human glutamyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase A).","volume":"17","author":"L Li","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01572.x","article-title":"The enigmatic role of glutamyl aminopeptidase (BP-1\/6C3 antigen) in immune system development.","volume":"161","author":"J Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.10.4681","article-title":"T and B cell development in BP-1\/6C3\/aminopeptidase A-deficient mice","volume":"160","author":"Q Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1997.4823","article-title":"High-resolution genetic map of the human glutamyl aminopeptidase gene (ENPEP).","volume":"43","author":"L Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(98)00049-7","article-title":"Sex differences and age-related changes in human serum aminopeptidase A activity","volume":"274","author":"JM Mart\u00ednez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.127","article-title":"Relationship between age and prostate size","volume":"15","author":"S-J Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113502296","article-title":"Muscle changes in aging: understanding sarcopenia.","volume":"6","author":"PN Siparsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00963","article-title":"Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging.","volume":"11","author":"R Correa-de-Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2019.52.2.109","article-title":"Morphology of the human aorta and age-related changes: anatomical facts","volume":"52","author":"P Komutrattananont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00437-z","article-title":"Human small intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a mucosal infiltration with activated CD8+ T cells.","volume":"14","author":"M Lehmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"B Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12945","article-title":"Proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"66","author":"M. Takeda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009153","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009153","article-title":"The role of Neuropilin-1 in COVID-19.","volume":"17","author":"BS Mayi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"CB Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10082026","article-title":"Role of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) on COVID-19 physiopathology","volume":"10","author":"A Sebasti\u00e1n-Mart\u00edn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101160","article-title":"The MERS-CoV receptor DPP4 as a candidate binding target of the SARS-CoV-2 spike.","volume":"23","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1739565","article-title":"Emerging WuHan (COVID-19) coronavirus: glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26.","volume":"9","author":"N Vankadari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137001","article-title":"Does the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain interact effectively with the DPP4 (CD26) receptor? A molecular docking study.","volume":"22","author":"K Cameron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2022-0112","article-title":"DPP-4 Inhibitors as a savior for COVID-19 patients with diabetes","volume":"18","author":"S Nag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838213","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.838213","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Induced Kidney Injury: A Literature Review.","volume":"12","author":"W He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100663","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier injury and neuroinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 in a lung-brain microphysiological system.","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng."},{"key":"pone.0307731.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"HE Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307731","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T18:38:21Z","timestamp":1733942301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307731"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Cheorl-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307731","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}}}