{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:08:22Z","timestamp":1789538902078,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH119858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH119858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH119858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH119858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH119858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH119858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005258","name":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6NU62ES005077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6NU62ES005077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transgender women (hereafter \u201ctrans women\u201d) face social marginalization, stigma, and discrimination and experience a high burden of HIV. More recently, trans women have been identified as having a high risk for hepatitis C (HCV) infection. The interaction between these two diseases and the risks for HIV\/HCV co-infection among trans women are understudied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize epidemiological, behavioral, and socio-structural interactions between HIV and HCV infections among trans women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study examined data from a community-based survey of trans women in San Francisco recruited through respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in 2019\/2020. Face-to-face interviews collected data on demographics, medical history, drug injection practices, sexual behavior, and socio-structural factors (e.g., poverty, housing insecurity, incarceration, social support). HIV and HCV antibodies were detected using oral fluid rapid tests and prior diagnosis and treatment were collected by self-report. Blood specimens were collected to confirm antibodies using ELISA. Multinomial logistic regression analysis characterized factors associated with HIV infection alone, HCV infection alone, and HIV\/HCV co-infection compared to neither infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 201 trans women recruited, HIV prevalence was 42.3%; HCV infection by history or current seroprevalence was 28.9%; evidence for both HIV and HCV infection was present for 18.9%. Two-thirds of trans women (67.2%) had been incarcerated; 30.8% had ever injected drugs. History of injection drug use and receiving emotional support from family were factors found in common for HIV infection, HCV infection, and HIV\/HCV co-infection compared to no infection. Having a sexual partner who injects drugs was associated with HIV infection alone. Not lacking care due to cost and older age were associated with co-infection. Older age was also associated with HCV infection. Of trans women with HIV infection, 91.8% had accessed HIV care, whereas only 62% with HCV had accessed some form of care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study found high levels of HIV, HCV, and HIV\/HCV co-infection among trans women in San Francisco. We found common associations between HIV and HCV through injection practices and emotional support, but having a sexual partner who injects drugs was not associated with HCV infection alone or co-infection. We note a substantial gap in the treatment of HCV for trans women, including those in HIV care, that needs to be urgently addressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T13:30:43Z","timestamp":1727098243000},"page":"e0307990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["HIV and hepatitis C virus infection and co-infection among trans women in San Francisco, 2020"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7306-1379","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Izzy","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiana","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matisse","family":"Leathers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin M.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7990-1909","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dillon","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Sicro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Arayasirikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7785-1397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly D.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willi","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0307990.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70315-8","article-title":"Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"SD Baral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"pone.0307990.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1739204","article-title":"Are we on the precipice of a new epidemic? 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