{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:11:01Z","timestamp":1790100661382,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 109063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 109063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the absence of effective drugs, vaccines constitute the cornerstone for the prevention of Newcastle disease (ND). Different strategies have been implemented to increase vaccination, but uptake remains low, underscoring the need for novel vaccine delivery methods. We designed and assessed the effectiveness of a community-centered ND vaccine delivery model in southeastern Kenya. Under the model, we sensitized smallholder chicken farmers (SCFs) through structured training on chicken husbandry, biosecurity, ND, and its vaccination, among other aspects. We subsequently engaged trained community vaccinators (CVs) to deliver vaccines and\/or provide vaccination services to SCFs at a cost on one hand and, at no cost on the other, in selected sites to address challenges of inadequate service providers, vaccine unavailability, and inaccessibility. We tested this model under paid and free vaccination frameworks over one year and assessed the model\u2019s effect on vaccine uptake, ND-related deaths, and vaccine accessibility, among other aspects. Overall, we vaccinated more chickens at free sites compared to paid sites. However, we vaccinated a significantly higher mean number of chickens per household at paid (49.4\u00b138.5) compared to free (28.4\u00b125.9) sites (t = 8.4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001). We recorded a significant increase in the proportion of SCFs who vaccinated their chickens from 31.3% to 68.4% (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>(1, N = 399)<\/jats:sub> = 58.3, p&lt;0.0001) in paid and from 19.9% to 74.9% (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>(1, N = 403)<\/jats:sub> = 115.7, p&lt;0.0001) in free sites pre- and post-intervention, respectively. The mean number of ND-related deaths reported per household decreased from 18.1\u00b131.6 pre-intervention to 7.5\u00b122.3 post-intervention (t = 5.4, p = 0.000), with higher reductions recorded in paid sites (20.9\u00b137.7 to 4.5\u00b111.2) compared to free sites (15.0\u00b122.6 to 10.7\u00b129.7) pre- and post-intervention, respectively. Farmers with access to vaccines increased significantly from 61.1% to 85.4% (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>(1, N = 399)<\/jats:sub> = 31.7, p&lt;0.0001) in paid and 43.6% to 74.9% (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>(1, N = 403)<\/jats:sub> = 38.4, p = 0.0001) in free sites pre- and post-intervention, respectively. We established that type of intervention framework, gender of household head, if the household head attended training on chicken production in the last 12 months, access to information on ND vaccination, and the number of chickens lost to the previous ND outbreak were significant predictors of ND vaccine uptake. Our findings indicate the model has a broader reach and benefits for SCFs. However, policies should be enacted to regulate the integration of CVs into the formal animal health sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T18:16:58Z","timestamp":1722536218000},"page":"e0308088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effectiveness of a community-centered Newcastle disease vaccine delivery model under paid and free vaccination frameworks in southeastern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-0916","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kennedy O.","family":"Ogolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas N.","family":"Anyona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith K.","family":"Chemuliti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie W.","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca M.","family":"King\u2019oo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy M.","family":"Waweru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalmas O.","family":"Omia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac K.","family":"Nyamongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salome A.","family":"Bukachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0308088.ref001","first-page":"50","article-title":"epidemiology, Diagnosis & Prevention of Newcastle disease in poultry","volume":"16","author":"M Getabalew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Biomed Sci Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0308088.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01843-z","article-title":"Epidemiology, control, and prevention of Newcastle disease in endemic regions: Latin America.","volume":"51","author":"AE Absal\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308088.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02059-x","article-title":"A retrospective study of Newcastle disease in Kenya.","volume":"52","author":"AA Apopo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0308088.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.08.022","article-title":"Assessing the impact of a novel strategy for delivering animal health interventions to smallholder farmers","volume":"147","author":"PR Bessell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"pone.0308088.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2017.04.003","article-title":"Small-scale poultry and food security in resource-poor settings: A review.","volume":"15","author":"JT Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Food Secur [Internet]."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308088.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9414-8","article-title":"Implementing poultry vaccination and biosecurity at the village level in Tanzania: a social strategy to promote health in free-range poultry populations.","volume":"42","author":"PL Msoffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"44","key":"pone.0308088.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.008","article-title":"The role of vaccination in risk mitigation and control of Newcastle disease in poultry","volume":"35","author":"J Mayers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0308088.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6356","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez463","article-title":"The role of unregulated chicken marketing practices on the frequency of Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kenya","volume":"98","author":"BO Ipara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci [Internet]."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308088.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188230","article-title":"The chicken or the egg? 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