{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T04:16:18Z","timestamp":1775621778188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N N403 242440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N N403 242440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shunt infection is one of the most common complications of conventional hydrocephalus treatment. The route of invasion of a pathogen can modify the immune response of the CNS. The aim of the study is to analyze the immune response to shunt infection caused by S. epidermidis in children with hydrocephalus. The immune response to the pathogen will be analyzed on the basis of, inter alia, simple laboratory test results, such as changes in the pattern of white blood cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The entire study analyzes changes in general parameters of the cerebrospinal fluid (pleocytosis, protein level, glucose level) and in levels of selected interleukins (IL-6, CXCL8 \/ IL-8, CCL3 \/ MIP-1a) in the cerebrospinal fluid. The clinical material analyzed in the study was collected in 2010\u20132014. The study group consisted of 30 patients, who were admitted to the hospital due to their first-ever episode of valve dysfunction caused by S. epidermidis infection. The control group consisted of 30 children who also suffered from congenital hydrocephalus but had not been operated on before. The most pronounced response to CSF infection in the study group was a significant increase in the counts of all investigated WBC lines in the samples collected immediately after the patients\u2019 admission to the ward. The earliest aberration of the CSF was a significant increase in protein level. An infection of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt caused by S. epidermidis evokes a very early peripheral blood response. In children affected by a ventriculoperitoneal valve infection, the humoral immune response detected in the cerebrospinal fluid precedes the increase in the level of pleocytosis. The highest level of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid is achieved when the pathogens are cleared. Phagocytes, and, in particular, monocytes, play an important role in the normalization of the cerebrospinal fluid parameters after the elimination of S. epidermidis. The local immune response of the central nervous system plays an important role in extinguishment of the inflammatory process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T17:31:34Z","timestamp":1723224694000},"page":"e0308131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Peripheral white blood cell patterns in children with hydrocephalus as a response to ventriculo-peritoneal shunt infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Polis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Zeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Zakrzewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Fabijan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2024-8906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emilia","family":"Nowos\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0308131.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.026","article-title":"Purinergic signaling in infectious diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"89","author":"VS Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"pone.0308131.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00057","article-title":"Immunity against bacterial infection of the central nervous system: an astrocyte perspective","volume":"12","author":"S Geyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0308131.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microglia and CNS Interleukin-1: Beyond Immunological Concepts","volume":"9","author":"X Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0308131.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2011.20","article-title":"Genetic variation of innate immune response genes in invasive pneumococcal and meningococcal disease applied to the pathogenesis of meningitis","volume":"12","author":"MS Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"pone.0308131.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2011.651514","article-title":"O \u2018 Gara JP, Bayston R, Sattar MTA, Farrell M, et a-ll.Ventriculoperitoneal shunt-related infections caused by Staphylococcusepidermidis: pathogenesis and implications for treatment","volume":"26","author":"NT Stevens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"pone.0308131.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12770","article-title":"Comparation of vancomycin penetration into cerebrospinal fluid in postoperative intracranial infection and community\u2010 acquired meningitis patients","volume":"44","author":"Y Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308131.ref007","first-page":"e00190","article-title":"Intrathecal antibacterial and antifungal therapies","volume":"33","author":"R Nau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0308131.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2006.00157.x","article-title":"K. 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