{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:48:58Z","timestamp":1773056938657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianjin Graduate Research Innovation Project","award":["YJSKC-20231010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJSKC-20231010"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Programs","award":["No.2018YFC1706001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2018YFC1706001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014717","name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Diverse studies have revealed discrepant evidence concerning the causal association between Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID-19 vaccination in relation to migraines. Investigating the correlation between the former two factors and migraines can facilitate policymakers in the precise formulation of comprehensive post-pandemic interventions while urging the populace to adopt a judicious perspective on COVID-19 vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We undertook a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. The primary assessment of the causal relationship between the three different COVID-19 exposures and migraine was conducted using the standard inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach. In the supplementary analysis, we also employed two methodologies: the weighted median estimator (WME) and the MR-Egger regression. Ultimately, the reliability and stability of the outcomes were assessed via Cochran\u2019s Q test, the leave-one-out method, the MR-Egger intercept test, and the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results indicate an absence of correlation between genetically predicted COVID-19 (\u2460Very severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19: odds ratio [OR], 1.0000881; 95%CI, 0.999748\u20131.000428; p = 0.6118; \u2461Hospitalized COVID-19: OR, 1.000024; 95%CI, 0.9994893\u20131.000559; p = 0.931;\u2462SARS-CoV-2 infection: OR, 1.000358; 95%CI, 0.999023\u20131.001695; p = 0.5993) and the risk of migraine. Furthermore, the MR-Egger regression and WME also yielded no evidence of COVID-19 elevating the risk of migraine occurrence. Sensitivity analysis affirmed the robustness and consistency of all outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results of this study do not offer genetic evidence to substantiate a causal relationship between COVID-19 and migraines. Thus, the deduction drawn from COVID-19 genetic data is that COVID-19 vaccination is unlikely to exert an impact on the occurrence of migraines, though this conclusion warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T18:00:26Z","timestamp":1724090426000},"page":"e0308151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["COVID-19, vaccination and migraine: Causal association or epiphenomenon?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7950-5209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hailun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianggang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danqi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shizhe","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1397-3138","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhihong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0308151.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","journal-title":"COVID-19 Epidemiological Update\u201429"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308151.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00361-5","article-title":"Ecology of SARS-CoV-2 in the post-pandemic era","volume":"4","author":"Y Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"7825","key":"pone.0308151.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02598-6","article-title":"The lasting misery of coronavirus long-haulers","volume":"585","author":"M. 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