{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:50:31Z","timestamp":1789537831543,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HIV testing during pregnancy is an integral component and first step of prevention for mother to child transmission, initiation of antiretroviral treatment and diagnosis of HIV\/AIDS. However, Ethiopia and other sub-Saharan African countries face challenges in meeting the first target of the 95-95-95 global initiatives. This study examines trends, spatial distribution, and factors influencing HIV testing among pregnant women in Ethiopia from 2005 to 2016, using data from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study was based on three consecutive demographic and health survey in Ethiopia. A total weighted sample of 13,020 women who gave birth within 2 year proceeding each survey year was included in each survey. Logit based decomposition analysis technique was employed to identify factors contributing to the change in HIV testing uptake among pregnant women overtime. ArcGIS version 10.7.1 and SaT Scan version 10.1software were used for the spatial analysis and geographically weighted regression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HIV testing uptake among pregnant women has significantly increased from 0.51% in 2005 to 32.4% in 2016 with 2.9% annual rate of increment in Ethiopia. About 75.9% of the overall increase in HIV testing uptake among pregnant from 2005\u20132016 was due to increases in women\u2019s composition with knowledge of Mother to child transmission of HIV (3.2%), HIV counseling (10.3%), 4 or more antenatal care visits (31.4%), health facility delivery (6.3%), not perceiving distance from the health facility as a big problem (1.1%), and urban residence (0.6%). Spatial variation of low proportion of HIV testing was non-random in all three surveys (Moran index, p-value&lt;0.05). Hot spot clusters exhibited in all the three waves includes Tigray and SNNPRs in 2005 and consistent hotspot areas in Benishangul-Gumuz, Somali, SNNPR, and Gambella in 2011 and 2016 EDHS. Lack of knowledge of Mother to child transmission of HIV, lack of antenatal care visit, lack of media exposure, and health facility delivery were significant predictors for the spatial variation of low proportion of HIV testing uptake across regions in Ethiopia in 2016.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion and recommendation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Over all, there has been a substantial increase in HIV testing uptake among pregnant women overtime in Ethiopia, but it still far away from achieving the 2025 HIV testing targets. Knowledge of Mother to child transmission of HIV, HIV counseling, Number of Antenatal care visit, previous place of delivery, residence and distance to health facility were significant contributing factors for the change in HIV testing uptake. There was geographical disparity in HIV testing uptake across regions in all three EDHS. Lack of knowledge of Mother to child transmission of HIV, lack of ANC visit, lack media exposure, and health facility delivery were significant predictors. Geographic-based interventions, together with broader public health strategies, are essential for advancing HIV testing uptake.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T17:30:59Z","timestamp":1728063059000},"page":"e0308167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trend, spatial distribution, and factors associated with HIV testing uptake among pregnant women in Ethiopia, based on 2005\u20132016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey: A multivariate decomposition analysis and geographically weighted regression"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4484-8578","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Betelhem Abebe","family":"Andargie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emebet Birhanu","family":"Lealem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dessie Abebaw","family":"Angaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308167.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182432f27","article-title":"The contribution of maternal HIV seroconversion during late pregnancy and breastfeeding to mother-to-child transmission of HIV","volume":"59","author":"L.F. Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref002","unstructured":"UNAIDS, J.U.N.P.o.H.A. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT). [cited 2023 feburary 6]; Available from: https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/global-health\/health-areas\/hiv-and-aids\/technical-areas\/pmtct."},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-4022-1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"D. Geremew","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref004","unstructured":"Federal HIV\/AIDS prevention and controol office(FHAPCO). HIV\/AIDS National strategic plan for Ethiopia. [cited 2023 Feburary 6]; Available from: https:\/\/e-library.moh.gov.et\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/HIV-AIDS-NATIONAL-HIV-AIDS-NATIONAL-STRATEGIC-PLAN_-."},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref005","unstructured":"world health organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. [cited 2023 Feburary 6]; Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/16-07-2021-who-publishes-new-consolidated-hiv-guidelines-for-prevention-treatment-service-delivery-monitoring."},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref006","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnancy and HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD & TB Prevention, Screening Recommendations. [cited 2023 Feburary 6]; Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/pregnancy\/screening\/index.html."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0308167.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014664","article-title":"Socio-demographic and clinical determinants of late presentation among patients newly diagnosed with HIV in the Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"98","author":"O.O. Sogbanmu","year":"2019","journal-title":". Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32831ec353","article-title":"Update on successes and challenges regarding mother-to-child transmission of HIV","volume":"21","author":"E. Paintsil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current opinion in pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308167.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0242001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242001","article-title":"Prenatal care coverage and correlates of HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Insight from demographic and health surveys of 16 countries","volume":"15","author":"O.E. Awopegba","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20605","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.1.20605","article-title":"Antenatal care and uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"19","author":"J.K. Gunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-226","article-title":"Assessment of utilization of provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling as an intervention for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV and associated factors among pregnant women in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"M.T. Malaju","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-140","article-title":"Intention to voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) among health professionals in Jimma zone, Ethiopia: the theory of planned behavior (TPB) perspective","volume":"13","author":"F. Abamecha","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref013","article-title":"Assessment of effective coverage of HIV prevention of pregnant mother to child Transimission Services in Jimma Zone, south West Ethiopia","author":"M. Hussein","year":"2011","journal-title":". Ethiopian journal of health sciences"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1389-2","article-title":"Utilization of HIV testing services among pregnant mothers in low income primary care settings in northern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Y.M. Alemu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S297235","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of hiv testing among pregnant women: A multilevel analysis using the recent Demographic and Health Survey Data from 11 East African countries","author":"M.G. Worku","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308167.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105289","article-title":"Prenatal HIV Test Uptake and Its Associated Factors for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in East Africa","volume":"18","author":"F.H. Astawesegn","year":"2021","journal-title":". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200607000-00003","article-title":"Individual-level predictors for HIV testing among antenatal attendees in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"332","author":"S. Thierman","year":"2006","journal-title":"The American journal of the medical sciences"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08618-4","article-title":"Prenatal care and uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women in Gambia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"S. Yaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308167.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193201800007X","article-title":"Individual-and community-level determinants of antenatal HIV testing in Zimbabwe","volume":"51","author":"M.M. Gazimbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of biosocial science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308167.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1883508","article-title":"Factors associated with HIV testing among women during pregnancy in Kenya: evidence from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014","volume":"34","author":"M.R. Haider","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref021","unstructured":"UNICEF Addressing the global HIV epidemic among pregnant women, mothers, children and adolescents UNICEF\u2019s Global HIV Response 2017\u20132021. [cited 2023 March 2]; Available from: https:\/\/www.childrenandaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2017-07\/unicef_HIV_brochure_English_Final.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref022","unstructured":"UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics\u2014Fact sheet. [cited 2023 Feburary 6]; Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet."},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref023","volume-title":"Central statistical agency (CSA)[Ethiopia] and ICF. Ethiopia demographic and health survey","author":"Csa, I.","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref024","volume-title":"Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2011:","author":"CSA, I.","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref025","unstructured":"Macro, O., Central Statistical Agency Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Central Statistical Agency Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006."},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref026","unstructured":"Health, E.M.o., Health Sector Transformation Plan II (HSTP II): 2020\/21-2024\/25 (2013 EFY-2017 EFY). 2021, MOH."},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref027","volume-title":"Guide to DHS Statistics","author":"T.N. Croft","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308167.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v23i2.53234","article-title":"Age at sexual initiation and factors associated with it among youths in North East Ethiopia","volume":"23","author":"F. Mazengia","year":"2009","journal-title":". Ethiopian Journal of Health Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4701-0","article-title":"Factors affecting HIV counselling and testing among Ethiopian women aged 15\u201349","volume":"19","author":"A.N. Erena","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-06052-1","article-title":"Spatial clusters distribution and modelling of health care autonomy among reproductive\u2010age women in Ethiopia: spatial and mixed\u2010effect logistic regression analysis","volume":"21","author":"G.A. Tesema","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308167.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1201100404","article-title":"mvdcmp: Multivariate decomposition for nonlinear response models","volume":"11","author":"D.A. Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Stata Journal"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatial autocorrelation analysis of health care hotspots in Taiwan in 2006","volume":"9","author":"P.-J. Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308167.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214983","article-title":"Local spatial autocorrelation characteristics of remotely sensed imagery assessed with the Getis statistic","volume":"19","author":"M. Wulder","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref034","volume-title":"SaTScanTM user guide","author":"M. Kulldorff","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-63","article-title":"Modelling malaria treatment practices in Bangladesh using spatial statistics","volume":"11","author":"U. Haque","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2012.26.6","article-title":"Mapping the results of local statistics: Using geographically weighted regression","volume":"26","author":"S.A. Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Demographic research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308167.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1068\/a3768","article-title":"Testing the importance of the explanatory variables in a mixed geographically weighted regression model","volume":"38","author":"C.-L. Mei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz152","article-title":"Coverage of HIV testing among pregnant women in Nigeria: progress, challenges and opportunities","volume":"43","author":"A. Ajayi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref039","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes over time in HIV testing and counselling uptake and associated factors among youth in Zambia: a cross-sectional analysis of demographic and health surveys from 2007 to 2018","volume":"21","author":"A.B. Heri","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref040","unstructured":"UNAIDS, D., Report. Retrieved February, 2021."},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0308167.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000395","article-title":"Systematic review of strategies to increase men\u2019s HIV-testing in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"28","author":"B. Hensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308167.ref042","first-page":"25","article-title":"Assessment of The Millennium Development Goals (MGDs)","volume":"6","author":"A.K. Salisu","year":"2020","journal-title":"KIU Journal of Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-352","article-title":"The role of health extension workers in improving utilization of maternal health services in rural areas in Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"12","author":"A. Medhanyie","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC health services research"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref044","article-title":"Antenatal care dropout and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"G. Sisay","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref045","first-page":"18","article-title":"Utilization and Factors Associated with Uptake of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV Services among Antenatal Clinic Attendees at a Tertiary Health Facility in Akure, Ondo State","volume":"3","author":"T.A. Irinyenikan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Trends in Disease and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19160","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.19160","article-title":"Wanyenze Rhoda K, Wabwire-Mangen Fred, Nakubulwa Rosette, Sekamwa Richard, Masika Annet, Todd Jim, Serwadda David.\u201cMen are always scared to test with their partners\u2026 it is like taking them to the Police\u201d: Motivations for and barriers to couples\u2019 HIV counselling and testing in Rakai, Uganda: a qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"K. Matovu Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308167.ref047","first-page":"552","article-title":"Status on maternal testing and detection of HIV infection among pregnant women in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, 2008\u20132016","volume":"41","author":"Y. Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua liu Xing Bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308167.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2021.1980066","article-title":"HIV test coverage among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"A. Endalamaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"African Journal of AIDS Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308167.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017122","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017122","article-title":"Antenatal care services and its implications for vital and health outcomes of children: evidence from 193 surveys in 69 low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"7","author":"J. Kuhnt","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02893.x","article-title":"Universal voluntary HIV testing in antenatal care settings: a review of the contribution of provider\u2010initiated testing & counselling.","volume":"17","author":"B. Hensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308167.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137055","article-title":"Factors associated with HIV prevalence and HIV testing in Sierra Leone: findings from the 2008 demographic health survey","volume":"10","author":"N. Brima","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref052","author":"H. Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare Systems in Ethiopia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07119-6","article-title":"Trends and effects of antiretroviral therapy coverage during pregnancy on mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from panel data analysis","volume":"22","author":"F.H. Astawesegn","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0308167.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000050","article-title":"Distance to HIV and antenatal care: a Geospatial analysis in Siaya County, Kenya.","volume":"30","author":"P.K. Kohler","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care: JANAC"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.264","article-title":"Decision making autonomy and maternal healthcare utilization among Nigerian Women","volume":"8","author":"P.E. Obasohan","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00849-8","article-title":"Women\u2019s decision-making capacity and its association with comprehensive knowledge of HIV\/AIDS in 23 sub-Saharan African countries","volume":"80","author":"B. Zegeye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0308167.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e284","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30315-5","article-title":"Trends in knowledge of HIV status and efficiency of HIV testing services in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000\u201320: a modelling study using survey and HIV testing programme data","volume":"8","author":"K. Gigu\u00e8re","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13392-6","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in the HIV testing during antenatal care: evidence from Indian demographic health survey, 2015\u201316","volume":"22","author":"S.K. Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308167.ref059","first-page":"482","article-title":"Hospital Service in Ethiopia and Its Spatial Distribution Around the Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"M. Brhane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diversity and Equality in Health and Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308167.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1142","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30331-5","article-title":"How Ethiopia achieved millennium development goal 4 through multisectoral interventions: a countdown to 2015 case study","volume":"5","author":"J. Ruducha","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pone.0308167.ref061","volume-title":"Trends in Maternal Health in Ethiopia: in-depth Analysis of the EDHS 2000\u20132011","author":"UNFPA","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308167.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-1079-y","article-title":"Geographic differences in maternal and child health care utilization in four Ethiopian regions; a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"A. Defar","year":"2019","journal-title":". International journal for equity in health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T17:31:21Z","timestamp":1728063081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308167"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yimam Getaneh","family":"Misganie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308167","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]}}}