{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:10:26Z","timestamp":1784675426677,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Grandmaison Fund for Autoimmunity Research"},{"name":"the Rheumatology Research Foundation of the American College of Rheumatology"},{"name":"NIH\/NEI Core Grant","award":["P30 EY010572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY010572"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2023-00245483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00245483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study investigates the accuracy of either computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of various orbital diseases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We collected 126 CT scans and 65 MRI scans from 144 subjects and asked two radiologists to interpret the images without clinical information. Images included 14 with a clinical diagnosis of orbital infection, 144 with orbital inflammation, and 33 with orbital neoplasm. The inflammatory diseases included thyroid eye disease (TED, n = 69), non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI, n = 44), IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD, n = 15), sarcoidosis (Sarcoid, n = 9), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, n = 5), and Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD, n = 2).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The balanced accuracy (BA) for the two radiologists ranged from 0.87 to 0.90 for cellulitis, 0.81 to 0.86 for inflammation, and 0.82 to 0.85 for neoplasm. Radiologists were excellent at recognizing GPA (BA = 0.98 to 0.99) and very good for TED (BA = 0.80 to 0.86). They also did well identifying IgG4-RD (BA = 0.75 to 0.77), but slightly less well for NSOI (BA = 0.69 to 0.75) and poorly for Sarcoid (BA = 0.48 to 0.50).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>CT or MRI scanning contributes to the evaluation of patients with orbital disease, but accuracy does varies based depending on the diagnosis. We could not evaluate issues such as determination of disease activity, variability based on the unit used for imaging or the skills beyond those of our two specialized neuroradiologists. Future studies should directly compare the two imaging modalities and assess the utility of imaging to determine disease activity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T17:37:34Z","timestamp":1725039454000},"page":"e0308528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The utility of orbital imaging in the evaluation of orbital disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4130-6092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Min Joung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7306-4556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rohan","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bronwyn E.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongseok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobby S.","family":"Korn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don O.","family":"Kikkawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308528.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702383","article-title":"Orbital inflammatory disease: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.","volume":"20","author":"LK Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eye (London, England)."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0308528.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0128-8","article-title":"Orbital inflammatory pseudotumors: etiology, differential diagnosis, and management.","volume":"12","author":"GM Espinoza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current rheumatology reports."},{"key":"pone.0308528.ref003","article-title":"Clinical relevance of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin as a biomarker of the activity of thyroid eye disease","author":"H Jeon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye (London, England)."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308528.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.030","article-title":"Clinical relevance of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"118","author":"KA Ponto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308528.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2017.1290911","article-title":"Current approach to the diagnosis of IgG4-related disease\u2014Combination of comprehensive diagnostic and organ-specific criteria.","volume":"27","author":"H Umehara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Modern rheumatology."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308528.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000364","article-title":"IgG4-Related Ophthalmic Disease. 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Lipomatous Tumor\/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma of the Orbit: Three Cases and Review of the Literature.","volume":"37","author":"JY Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308528.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001378","article-title":"Orbital Atypical Lipomatous Tumor\/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma Masquerading as Pleomorphic Lipoma: A Diagnostic Challenge.","volume":"35","author":"K McKey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308528.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4995-5","article-title":"Diffusivity of intraorbital lymphoma vs. inflammation: comparison of single shot turbo spin echo and multishot echo planar imaging techniques","volume":"28","author":"A Hiwatashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"European 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