{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:15:02Z","timestamp":1757546102466,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Smotrich Family Foundation"},{"name":"Cooper-Vision Israel"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To test the impact of professional management of soft contact lens wear on symptoms and ocular complications.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Subjective symptoms and ocular complications of soft CL users who did not seek professional follow-up care (self-managed, SM), were compared to users who were prescribed CLs and their care professionally managed in optometry practices (PM), and to a control group of non-CL wearers. Habitual visual acuity, subjective dry-eye symptoms, and corneal abnormalities were assessed in all participants. CL wearers filled-out a usage habits questionnaire, and their CL fit was assessed. Outcomes were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Chi Squared tests.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The SM, PM, and non-CL wearers cohorts included 127 (mean age:24.3\u00b15.1, median:23, range:16\u201345 years,104 female), 132 (mean age:25.5\u00b16.2, median:23, range:18\u201343 years,103 female), and 56 (mean age:22.3\u00b13.5, median:21, range:18\u201339 years,36 female) participants, respectively. Meibomian gland dysfunction grade (p = 0.004, p&lt;0.0001), limbal redness (both p = 0.04), corneal neovascularization (both p = 0.003), and papillary conjunctivitis (p&lt;0.0001,p = 0.005) were significantly worse in SM CL wearers compared with both the non-CL wearers and PM CL wearers, respectively. Conjunctival staining was significantly worse in the SM cohort compared with the PM cohort (p = 0.01). 38.6% of the SM compared with 22.8% of the PM CL wearers, had an inappropriate refractive correction (p = 0.006). SM CL wearers wore CLs significantly more years (mean and median 1 year,p = 0.008), for more daily hours (mean and median of 2 hours,p&lt;0.00001), and tended to nap or sleep with their CLs compared with the PM CL wearers (47 vs. 29,p = 0.02). The cohorts did not differ in their subjective symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Complications are significantly more prevalent in SM CL wearers compared with PM CL wearers, and SM CL wearers tend to wear CLs with incorrect powers, and are less compliant with napping or sleeping with the CLs compared with PM CL wearers. These findings emphasize the importance of fitting, patient education and follow-ups in CL wearers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T17:59:17Z","timestamp":1725645557000},"page":"e0308538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Complications and compliance in professionally-managed and self-managed contact lenses compared with non-contact lens wearers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9604-3528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liat","family":"Gantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry A.","family":"Weissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reut","family":"Ifrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308538.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000481","article-title":"Review of Contact Lens\u2013Related Complications","volume":"44","author":"C. H. L. Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"9174","key":"pone.0308538.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09385-4","article-title":"Incidence of contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis and its related morbidity","volume":"354","author":"K. H. Cheng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0308538.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron N, Contact lens complications, 4th edition. Philadelphia, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6660-3.00040-X"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308538.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3181a7bda1","article-title":"Prevalence of contact lens-related complications: UCLA contact lens study","volume":"35","author":"J. F. Y. Forister","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308538.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199610000-00004","article-title":"A prospective study of contact lens complications in a managed care setting","volume":"73","author":"P. M. Keech","year":"1996","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308538.ref006","first-page":"223","article-title":"The phenomenon of central circular clouding","volume":"39","author":"D. R. Korb","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910050021005","article-title":"Bacterial corneal ulcers in cosmetic soft contact lens wearers","volume":"96","author":"J. H. Krachmer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0308538.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909213211202","article-title":"The incidence of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extended-wear soft contact lenses","volume":"321","author":"E. C. Poggio","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0308538.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909213211201","article-title":"The relative risk of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extended-wear soft contact lenses. A case-control study. Microbial Keratitis Study Group","volume":"321","author":"O. D. Schein","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(89)90810-6","article-title":"Contact lens-related deep stromal neovascularization","volume":"107","author":"Y. Rozenman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0308538.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00544-0","article-title":"Bilateral corneal neovascularization and opacification associated with unmonitored contact lens wear","volume":"136","author":"A. L. Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308538.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.02.010","article-title":"CLEAR\u2014Contact lens complications","volume":"44","author":"F. Stapleton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0308538.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.02.014","article-title":"Value of routine evaluation in asymptomatic soft contact lens wearers","volume":"43","author":"E. Y. Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0308538.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.02.018","article-title":"\u2018The impact of patient behaviour and care system compliance on reusable soft contact lens complications","volume":"44","author":"A. Yee","year":"2021","journal-title":"\u2019Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0280409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280409","article-title":"Compliance to contact lens wear and care among Jordanian adults","volume":"18","author":"Y. Gammoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0308538.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000863","article-title":"Value of Routine Eye Examinations in Asymptomatic Patients","volume":"93","author":"E. L. Irving","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308538.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2013.08.003","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic ocular conditions in subjects with refractive-based symptoms","volume":"7","author":"L. Michaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13247","article-title":"Contact lens wear and follow-up and its association with signs and symptoms of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"44","author":"R. Ifrah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2022.03.004","article-title":"Topical review of the relationship between contact lens wear and meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"R. Ifrah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0308538.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000511","article-title":"Comparison of Morphological and Functional Meibomian Gland Characteristics Between Daily Contact Lens Wearers and Nonwearers","volume":"34","author":"A. Machali\u0144ska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0308538.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12588","article-title":"Rethinking contact lens aftercare","volume":"100","author":"N. Efron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0308538.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2015.06.029","article-title":"Precision (repeatability and reproducibility) studies and sample-size calculation\u2019","volume":"41","author":"C. McAlinden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00420.x-i1","article-title":"Validation of grading scales for contact lens complications","volume":"21","author":"N. Efron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308538.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"F. Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0308538.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S51600","article-title":"A meta-analysis of studies on cosmetically tinted soft contact lenses","volume":"7","author":"M. J. Rah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308538.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2012.11.002","article-title":"Ocular complications of soft contact lens wearers in a tertiary eye care centre of Nepal","volume":"36","author":"K. Sapkota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.11.003","article-title":"Contact lens complications among wearers in Ghana","volume":"44","author":"E. Kobia-Acquah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1097\/00140068-200301001-00011","article-title":"\u2018Contact lens chemistry and giant papillary conjunctivitis","volume":"29","author":"P. C. Donshik","year":"2003","journal-title":"\u2019Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1097\/00140068-200301001-00020","article-title":"The role of hypoxia in the limbal vascular response to soft contact lens wear","volume":"29","author":"E. B. Papas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308538.ref030","first-page":"68","article-title":"Poorly fitting soft lenses affect ocular integrity","volume":"27","author":"G. Young","year":"2001","journal-title":"CLAO J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308538.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICL.00000117256.77329.06","article-title":"Subjective symptom of eye dryness and lifestyle factors with corneal neovascularization in contact lens wearers","volume":"30","author":"K. Nomura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0308538.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S291","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000412","article-title":"Critical Contact Lens Oxygen Transmissibility and Tear Lens Oxygen Tension to Preclude Corneal Neovascularization","volume":"44","author":"K. K. Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"pone.0308538.ref033","first-page":"123","article-title":"The conjunctival response to soft contact lens wear: A practical guide","author":"N Keir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optometry in practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308538.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(88)90189-4","article-title":"Pseudomonas corneal ulcer associated with colored cosmetic contact lenses in an emmetropic individual","volume":"105","author":"K. J. Johns","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308538.ref035","first-page":"252","article-title":"Microbial keratitis associated with plano tinted contact lenses","volume":"17","author":"R. W. Snyder","year":"1991","journal-title":"CLAO J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308538.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-0484(01)80037-0","article-title":"Contact lens-associated chemical burn","volume":"24","author":"D. W. Teenan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/SJOPT.SJOPT_202_21","article-title":"Compliance with contact lens care and factors driving noncompliance in health-care students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"36","author":"N. K. Naaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000009","article-title":"Compliance Factors Associated With Contact Lens-Related Dry Eye","volume":"40","author":"P. Ramamoorthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308538.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3182a70ef7","article-title":"Review of Complications Associated With Contact Lenses From Unregulated Sources of Supply","volume":"40","author":"G. Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0308538.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0264659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264659","article-title":"Demographic profiles of contact lens wearers and their association with lens wear characteristics in Trinidad and Tobago: A retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"N. E. Ezinne","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0308538.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000227889.11500.6f","article-title":"Association between meibomian gland changes and aging, sex, or tear function","volume":"25","author":"S. Den","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308538.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318269c90d","article-title":"Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) and Opinion of Contact Lens Performance\u2019","volume":"89","author":"R. L. Chalmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308538.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2008.12.001","article-title":"Struggle with hydrogel CL wear increases with age in young adults","volume":"32","author":"R. L. Chalmers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308538.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1896945","article-title":"Design of a questionnaire for detecting contact lens discomfort: the Contact Lens Discomfort Index","volume":"105","author":"C. Arroyo-del Arroyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T17:59:47Z","timestamp":1725645587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308538"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kofi","family":"Asiedu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]}}}