{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:59:11Z","timestamp":1791932351612,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University","award":["CU_FRB65_hea (9)_015_32_10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CU_FRB65_hea (9)_015_32_10"]}]},{"name":"Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002873","name":"Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nObjectives<\/jats:title>\nTo compare, in vitro<\/jats:italic>, the efficacy of three proprietary silver diamine fluoride (SDF) products in mitigating progression of dentinal caries induced by an inter-kingdom, dual-species, bacterial-yeast biofilm.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nHuman dentin blocks were demineralized to create artificial caries lesions and randomized into three SDF test groups: Saforide, Topamine, T-SDF, and an aqueous control (n = 26 per group). After application of foregoing SDF variants, the blocks were incubated with Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> and Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> for 24 h for biofilm development, and subsequently subjected to a microbe-induced, pH-cycling process for 7 days, to mimic the oral eco-system. The biofilm cell viability and surface topography were assessed by colony-forming units (CFUs) and scanning electron microscopy respectively. The lesion depth and mineral density were evaluated by micro-computer tomography. SDF precipitate and matrix-to-mineral ratio were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Standard, accepted methodology was used for all these evaluations and procedures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nAfter pH cycling, the SDF groups demonstrated comparable inhibition of the biofilm relative to the control. the log CFU of S<\/jats:italic>. mutans<\/jats:italic> for Saforide, Topamine, T-SDF, and control were 6.69\u00b10.73, 6.48\u00b10.56, 6.63\u00b10.66, and 8.01\u00b10.45, respectively. For C<\/jats:italic>. albicans<\/jats:italic>, the log CFU were 4.86\u00b10.44, 4.72\u00b10.53, 4.92\u00b10.29, and 5.60\u00b10.27, respectively. The log CFU of S<\/jats:italic>. mutans<\/jats:italic> and C<\/jats:italic>. albicans<\/jats:italic> in the SDF groups were significantly lower than the control group (p<\/jats:italic><0.001). Further, the lesion depth decreased by approximately 14.79\u00b17.00% in the SDF groups, while it increased by 11.07\u00b18.61% in the control (p<\/jats:italic><0.001), and the mineral density increased by 16.36\u00b14.58% in the SDF group, as opposed to a 5.59\u00b12.64% reduction in the control (p<\/jats:italic><0.001) implying their caries mitigating effect. These findings were corroborated by SEM images of the lesions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nSDF significantly mitigated dentin caries due to an assault by a polymicrobial plaque biofilm whilst arresting mineral loss and lesion growth. There was no difference in the caries-arresting efficacy of the compared SDF variants.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T17:24:57Z","timestamp":1727717097000},"page":"e0308656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in arresting dentin caries against inter-kingdom biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Suphanida","family":"Kaewkamchai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panida","family":"Thanyasrisung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleerat","family":"Sukarawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshman","family":"Samaranayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9781-1755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nozimjon","family":"Tuygunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-4175","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siriporn","family":"Songsiripradubboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0308656.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12783","article-title":"The global prevalence of early childhood caries: a systematic review with meta-analysis using the WHO diagnostic criteria","volume":"31","author":"SE Uribe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308656.ref002","first-page":"261","article-title":"Early childhood caries and weight status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"MV Angelopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308656.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12494","article-title":"Impact of early childhood caries on oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"C Zaror","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308656.ref004","first-page":"95","article-title":"Risk factors for early childhood caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case control and cohort studies","volume":"41","author":"M Kirthiga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308656.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2017.35","article-title":"Salivary proteins and microbiota as biomarkers for early childhood caries risk assessment","volume":"9","author":"AS Hemadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"pone.0308656.ref006","unstructured":"Samaranayake L. 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