{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:42:32Z","timestamp":1787582552750,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment often coexist in the elderly. In this study, we investigated the causal relationship between sarcopenia-related muscle characteristics and cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We used linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses to estimate genetic correlations and causal relationships between genetically predicted sarcopenia-related muscle traits and cognitive function, as well as cognitive function-based discovery samples and replicated samples. Estimated effect sizes were derived from a fixed-effects meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Our univariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis indicated a causal relationship between appendicular lean mass (ALM) (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.049; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.032\u20130.066, P < 0.001) and walking pace (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.349; 95% CI: 0.210\u20130.487,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) with cognitive function, where a causal relationship existed between ALM in both male and female (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n ALM-Male(M)<\/jats:sub>\n = 0.060; 95% CI: 0.031\u20130.089,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n ALM-M<\/jats:sub>\n < 0.001;\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n ALM-Female(F)<\/jats:sub>\n = 0.045; 95% CI: 0.020\u20130.069,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n ALM-F<\/jats:sub>\n < 0.001) with cognitive function. Low grip strength was not causally associated with cognitive function (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = -0.045; 95% CI: -0.092 - -0.002,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.062). A reverse causality GWAS meta-analysis showed a causal relationship between cognitive function and ALM (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.033; 95% CI: 0.018\u20130.048,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and walking pace (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.039; 95% CI: 0.033\u20130.051,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), where ALM in both male and female showed a causality (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n ALM-M<\/jats:sub>\n = 0.041; 95% CI: 0.019\u20130.063,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n ALM-M<\/jats:sub>\n < 0.001;\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n ALM-F<\/jats:sub>\n = 0.034; 95% CI: 0.010\u20130.058,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n ALM-F<\/jats:sub>\n = 0.005). Cognitive function was not causally related to low grip strength (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = -0.024; 95% CI: -0.073\u20130.025,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.344). Multivariable MR1 (MVMR1) analyses showed a significant causal relationship for ALM (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.077; 95% CI: 0.044\u20130.109,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.000) and walking pace (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.579; 95% CI: 0.383\u20130.775,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.000) and cognitive function. Multivariable MR2 (MVMR2) multivariate analysis showed that ALM causality remained (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.069; 95% CI: 0.033\u20130.106,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.000), and walking pace (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.589; 95% CI: 0.372\u20130.806,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.000).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Bidirectional two-sample MR demonstrated that sarcopenia-related muscle characteristics and cognitive performance were positive causal genetic risk factors for each other, while a multivariable MR study demonstrated that low ALM and a slow walking pace were causally involved in reduced cognitive performance. This study suggests a causal relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in older adults and provide new ideas for prevention and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T13:46:21Z","timestamp":1725630381000},"page":"e0309124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A causal relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment: A Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-6504","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hengzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aixin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wutong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1872-247X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qinzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309124.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz046","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis.","volume":"48","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"pone.0309124.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155533","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences","volume":"144","author":"S Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309124.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.","volume":"39","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"pone.0309124.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.11.003","article-title":"The health economics burden of sarcopenia: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"O Bruy\u00e8re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0309124.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac254","article-title":"Appendicular Lean Mass, Grip Strength, and the Incidence of Dementia Among Older Adults in the Health ABC Study","volume":"78","author":"JS Andrews","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309124.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2018.01.05","article-title":"Quantitative imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis and sarcopenia.","volume":"8","author":"S Guerri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"pone.0309124.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101883","article-title":"An elusive consensus definition of sarcopenia impedes research and clinical treatment: A narrative review.","volume":"86","author":"G Coletta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"10191","key":"pone.0309124.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9","volume":"393","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sarcopenia. 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