{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:24:35Z","timestamp":1791264275564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite global, regional, and national efforts to address intimate partner violence (IPV), physical IPV persists as a significant challenge in Kenya. This study employs geospatial analysis to examine the spatial distribution and determinants of physical intimate partner violence among women, aiming to inform targeted interventions and policies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study used a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study design based on the 2022 Kenya demographic and health survey. Analyses were conducted using Stata version 17.0 and ArcMap version 10.8. Spatial autocorrelation and hotspot assessment were conducted in the geospatial analysis, while a multilevel logistic regression model was used to examine determinants of physical violence among reproductive-aged women.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study found 28.8% (10,477) of the surveyed women reported experiencing physical intimate partner violence. The spatial analysis identified significant clusters in the southwest and central regions, with women in sub-counties like Chepaluugu, Konion, Sotik, Bumula, and Metayos among others experiencing more violence. Conversely, women in areas in the North East and South East corners such as Kisauni, Tarabaj, Waijir North, Lafey, and Mandera North and South among others showed little or no physical intimate partner violence. Multivariable logistic regression identified age, education, wealth index, partner domineering indicators, and justification of wife beating to be associated with physical intimate partner violence. Higher education and wealth were associated with lower violence odds, while partner domineering indicators and justification of wife beating increased odds.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Spatial variations in intimate partner violence risk for women in Kenya underscore the need for targeted government interventions. Focusing on hotspot regions, especially among women with the poorest wealth index, no formal education, and older age, is crucial. Implementing behavior change campaigns addressing violence justification and partner dominance is vital. Active involvement of male partners in programs aiming to eliminate intimate partner violence is essential for comprehensive impact.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T19:28:25Z","timestamp":1724959705000},"page":"e0309173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spatial distribution and determinants of physical intimate partner violence among women in Kenya: Evidence from the 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Okyere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3292-9693","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Castro","family":"Ayebeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer N. K.","family":"Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A. A.","family":"Assie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Odoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"King-David","family":"Dzirassah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Ankomahene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwamena Sekyi","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0309173.ref001","volume-title":"Intimate partner violence: Definitions","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0309173.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2024046","article-title":"A pandemic within a pandemic\u2014intimate partner violence during Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"ML Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309173.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E38","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202866","article-title":"Exacerbation of physical intimate partner violence during COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"298","author":"B Gosangi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"pone.0309173.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01260-9","article-title":"Justification of physical intimate partner violence among men in sub-Saharan Africa: a multinational analysis of demographic and health survey data","volume":"29","author":"EK Darteh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309173.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa220","article-title":"Categories and health impacts of intimate partner violence in the World Health Organization multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence","volume":"50","author":"LC Potter","year":"2021","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0309173.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X18766192","article-title":"Ethnicity and intimate partner violence in Kenya","volume":"39","author":"S Kimuna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of family issues"},{"key":"pone.0309173.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-016-0002-7","article-title":"Transforming our world: implementing the 2030 agenda through sustainable development goal indicators","volume":"37","author":"BX Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of public health policy"},{"key":"pone.0309173.ref008","article-title":"Global plan of action to strengthen the role of the health system within a national multisectoral response to address interpersonal violence, in particular against women and girls, and against children.","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"10327","key":"pone.0309173.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018.","volume":"399","author":"L Sardinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309173.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030903","article-title":"Gender based violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies.","volume":"17","author":"MD Muluneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"key":"pone.0309173.ref011","first-page":"185","article-title":"Forensic observations and recommendations on sexual and gender based violence in Kenya","volume":"1","author":"K Shako","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic science international: Synergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309173.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2019.1586815","article-title":"Sexualised violence against children: a review of laws and policies in Kenya.","volume":"27","author":"CK Wangamati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sexual and reproductive health matters."},{"key":"pone.0309173.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1015-x","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending Kisumu District Hospital","volume":"17","author":"LA Makayoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kenya. 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