{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:24:35Z","timestamp":1778286275904,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nIntroduction<\/jats:title>\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) has become more common in recent decades, putting significant strain on healthcare systems worldwide. CKD is a global health issue that can lead to severe complications such as kidney failure and death.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nObjective<\/jats:title>\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the actual causes of the alarming increase of kidney failure cases in Saudi Arabia using the supersaturated design analysis and edge design analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMaterials and methods<\/jats:title>\nA cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed to the general population in the KSA, and data were collected using Google Forms. A total of 401 responses were received. To determine the actual causes of kidney failure, edge and supersaturated designs analysis methods were used, which resulted in statistical significance. All variables were studied from factor h<\/jats:italic>1<\/jats:sub> to factor h<\/jats:italic>18<\/jats:sub> related to the causes of kidney failure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nThe supersaturated analysis method revealed that the reasons for the increase in kidney failure cases are as follows: h<\/jats:italic>9<\/jats:sub>(Bad diet), h<\/jats:italic>8<\/jats:sub>(Recurrent urinary tract infection), h<\/jats:italic>1<\/jats:sub> (Not drinking fluids), h<\/jats:italic>6<\/jats:sub> (Lack of exercise), h<\/jats:italic>14<\/jats:sub> (drinking from places not designated for valleys and reefs), h<\/jats:italic>18<\/jats:sub> (Rheumatic diseases), h<\/jats:italic>10<\/jats:sub> (Smoking and alcohol consumption), h<\/jats:italic>13<\/jats:sub> (Direct damage to the kidneys), h<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sub> (take medications), h<\/jats:italic>17<\/jats:sub> (excessive intake of soft drinks), h<\/jats:italic>12<\/jats:sub> (Infection), h<\/jats:italic>5<\/jats:sub> (heart disease), h<\/jats:italic>3<\/jats:sub> (diabetes), h<\/jats:italic>4<\/jats:sub> (pressure disease), h<\/jats:italic>15<\/jats:sub> (Dyes used in X-rays), and h<\/jats:italic>11<\/jats:sub> (The presence of kidney stones) are all valid. The design analysis method by edges revealed that the following factors contributed to an increase in kidney failure cases: h<\/jats:italic>8<\/jats:sub> (Recurrent urinary tract infection), h<\/jats:italic>6<\/jats:sub> (Lack of exercise), h<\/jats:italic>7<\/jats:sub> (Obesity), and h<\/jats:italic>11<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nThe findings showed that there were causes of kidney failure that led to the statistical significance, which is h<\/jats:italic>8<\/jats:sub> (Recurrent urinary tract infection) and h<\/jats:italic>11<\/jats:sub> (The presence of kidney stones)<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T19:07:03Z","timestamp":1724872023000},"page":"e0309226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Accurate statistical methods to cover the aspects of the increase in the incidence of kidney failure: A survey study in Ha\u2019il -Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4576-2354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alanazi Talal","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia Kamal","family":"Alnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0309226.ref001","volume-title":"The main causes of end renal failure","author":"Samira Al-Nour","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309226.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022","volume":"12","author":"C. P. Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney International Supplements"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0309226.ref003","first-page":"177","article-title":"Etiology of chronic kidney disease (ckd) in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"8","author":"H. G. Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309226.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010871","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of High-Risk Patients towards Prevention and Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"20","author":"A. Alghamdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0309226.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2022.08.014","article-title":"Cost-Utility of Immunosuppressive Therapy Post-Renal Transplantation in Saudi Arabia: The Saudi Ministry of Health Perspective.","volume":"33","author":"M. Alsaqa\u2019aby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Value in Health Regional Issues"},{"key":"pone.0309226.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1641-0","article-title":"Supersaturated designs: set-ups, data interpretation, and analytical applications","volume":"390","author":"B. Dejaegher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry"},{"key":"pone.0309226.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2012.09.014","article-title":"Supersaturated designs: A review of their construction and analysis","volume":"144","author":"S. D. Georgiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0309226.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2008.10.023","article-title":"Analysis of supersaturated designs via the Dantzig selector","volume":"139","author":"F. K. Phoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0309226.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2020.1848517","article-title":"Experimental design step by step: a practical guide for beginners","volume":"52","author":"B. Benedetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309226.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.13189\/ms.2021.090308","article-title":"Application of Supersaturated Design to Study the Spread of Electronic Games.","volume":"9","author":"Randa Alharbi Alanazi Talal Abdulrahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mathematics and Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309226.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1080\/03610910500308271","article-title":"A method for analyzing supersaturated designs","volume":"34","author":"C. Koukouvinos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Communications in Statistics\u2014Simulation and Computation"},{"key":"pone.0309226.ref012","first-page":"9","article-title":"Mathematical and Statistical Models with Applications of Spread of Private Tutoring in Saudi Arabia","volume":"2022","author":"Adel A. Attiya Alanazi Talal Abdulrahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309226.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/82.3.589","article-title":"Screening by conference designs","volume":"82","author":"C. Elster","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0309226.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5064","DOI":"10.1080\/03610926.2017.1386310","article-title":"Construction and analysis of edge designs from skew-symmetric supplementary difference sets","volume":"47","author":"T. Alanazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods"},{"key":"pone.0309226.ref015","unstructured":"Alanazi, T. (2018). Construction and analysis of experimental designs (Doctoral dissertation, RMIT University). ["}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T19:07:54Z","timestamp":1724872074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309226"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"V. Vinoth","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]}}}