{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:41:00Z","timestamp":1787985660894,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunosuppressive drugs are essential for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatment, but there are concerns about their toxicity. In this study, <jats:italic>Arthrospira platensis<\/jats:italic> was used as a resource for screening of the SLE-related bioactive compounds. To discover the potential compounds, a total of 833 compounds of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>platensis<\/jats:italic> C1 were retrieved from the Spirulina-Proteome Repository (SpirPro) database and by literature mining. We retrieved structures and bioassays of these compounds from PubChem database; and collected approved and potential drugs for SLE treatment from DrugBank and other databases. The result demonstrated that cytidine, desthiobiotin, agmatine, and anthranilic acid, from the alga, has Tanimoto matching scores of 100% with the following drugs: \u03b2-arabinosylcytosine\/cytarabine, d-dethiobiotin, agmatine, and anthranilic acid, respectively. The bioassay matching and disease-gene-drug-compound network analysis, using VisANT 4.0 and Cytoscape, revealed 471 SLE-related genes. Among the SLE-related genes, MDM2, TP53, and JAK2 were identified as targets of cytarabine, while PPARG and IL1B were identified as targets of d-dethiobiotin. Binding affinity between the drug ligands and the algal bioactive compound ligands with their corresponding receptors were similarly comparable scores and stable, examined by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T18:46:07Z","timestamp":1724957167000},"page":"e0309303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Network analysis retrieving bioactive compounds from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and their targets related to systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Amnart","family":"Chaiprasert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3194-1391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teeraphan","family":"Laomettachit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2872-7757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marasri","family":"Ruengjitchatchawalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309303.ref001","first-page":"62","article-title":"Spirulina in combating protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and protein energy wasting (PEW)\u2014A review","volume":"3","author":"RR Siva Kiran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nut Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309303.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1089\/10966200152744463","article-title":"Role of Spirulina in the control of glycemia and lipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"P Parikh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309303.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-011-9766-0","article-title":"Dietary algae and HIV\/AIDS: proof of concept clinical data","volume":"24","author":"J Teas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"pone.0309303.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-32","article-title":"Spirulina platensis versus silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A pilot randomized, comparative clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"M Yakoot","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0309303.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00678-3","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by spirulina","volume":"55","author":"HM Kim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309303.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.50.129","article-title":"Phycocyanin enhances secretary IgA antibody response and suppresses allergic IgE antibody response in mice immunized with antigen-entrapped biodegradable microparticles","volume":"50","author":"C Nemoto-Kawamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0309303.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0642-8","article-title":"The effects of spirulina on allergic rhinitis","volume":"265","author":"C Cingi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309303.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1159\/000151486","article-title":"A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans","volume":"52","author":"HJ Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309303.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-008-0308-2","article-title":"Appraisal of immunomodulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis: an in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"63","author":"M Rasool","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0309303.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1100359","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"365","author":"GC Tsokos","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309303.ref011","first-page":"139","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for glomerulonephritis","volume":"2","author":"Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) glomerulonephritis work group","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney International Supplements"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309303.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.76","article-title":"The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens","volume":"8","author":"C Selmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0309303.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531053","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nen058","article-title":"Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications","volume":"2011","author":"PD Karkos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309303.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0676-z","article-title":"SpirPro: A Spirulina proteome database and web-based tools for the analysis of protein-protein interactions at the metabolic level in Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis C1","volume":"16","author":"J Senachak","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"Web Server issue","key":"pone.0309303.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W225","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt401","article-title":"VisANT 4.0: Integrative network platform to connect genes, drugs, diseases and therapies","volume":"41","author":"Z Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0309303.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A Software Environment for Integrated Models of Biomolecular Interaction Networks","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"pone.0309303.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-6-71","article-title":"iAK692: a genome-scale metabolic model of Spirulina platensis C1","volume":"6","author":"A Klanchui","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0309303.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1191\/096120399678840954","article-title":"Successful treatment of lupus with fludarabine","volume":"8","author":"JF Viallard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309303.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/157488706775246102","article-title":"Recent clinical trials of cladribine in hematological malignancies and autoimmune disorders","volume":"1","author":"T Robak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Recent Clin Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309303.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4056\/sigs.2525955","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Arthrospira platensis C1 (PCC9438)","volume":"6","author":"S Cheevadhanarak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stand Genomic Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309303.ref021","first-page":"201","article-title":"New therapeutic targets in systemic lupus","volume":"8","author":"WA Sifuentes Giraldo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0309303.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203304lu2032oa","article-title":"Effects of fludarabine treatment on murine lupus nephritis","volume":"13","author":"OY Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0309303.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem001","article-title":"Long-term effects of combination treatment with fludarabine and low-dose pulse cyclophosphamide in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"46","author":"GG Illei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T18:46:29Z","timestamp":1724957189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309303"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ricardo Zavala","family":"Yoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}