{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:09:30Z","timestamp":1740146970538,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014069","name":"U.S. Military HIV Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-11-2-0174 and W81XWH-07-2-0067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-11-2-0174 and W81XWH-07-2-0067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI-2642-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-2642-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Division of AIDS, NIH","award":["DAIDS IAA Y1-AI-2642-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAIDS IAA Y1-AI-2642-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In Thailand, HIV transmission is well characterized in large urban centers such as Bangkok and Chiang Mai but less so outside of these areas. The main purpose of this study was to assess HIV incidence and associated risk factors in Nakhon Ratchasima and Ratchaburi.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Participants assigned male sex at birth were enrolled in this prospective observational cohort study between November 2017 and July 2018. HIV and syphilis testing and sociobehavioral questionnaires were administered over 18 months. HIV incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a Poisson distribution. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% CIs for associations between potential risk factors and HIV seroconversion.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 1003 participants were enrolled. Overall HIV incidence was 1.56 per 100 person-years (95% CI:1.02\u20132.44) and similar at both sites. In the fully adjusted model, sex with a sex worker in the past six months was associated with reduced risk of seroconversion (aHR:0.10, 95% CI:0.01\u20130.77). In the reduced adjusted model, receptive anal sex (aHR:3.40, 95% CI:1.32\u20138.74) and STI diagnosis in the past six months (aHR:3.58, 95% CI:1.19\u201310.76) were associated with seroconversion, while sex with a sex worker in the past six months was associated with reduced risk of seroconversion (aHR:0.11, 95% CI:0.02\u20130.67). Additionally, 56% reported interest in taking PrEP and 82% reported willingness to participate in a hypothetical future vaccine trial.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Recent receptive anal sex practices were associated with HIV acquisition in these populations, highlighting the continued need for interventions encouraging safer anal sex practices to reduce HIV incidence.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T18:29:37Z","timestamp":1731608977000},"page":"e0309355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prospective longitudinal study of men who have sex with men and transgender women to determine HIV incidence in two provinces in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chawetsan","family":"Namwat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warong","family":"Leela-Apiradee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thawat","family":"Tiawilai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Dear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanyaporn","family":"Wansom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suchai","family":"Kitsiripornchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nakorn","family":"Premsri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siriwat","family":"Akapirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5947-265X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Trevor A.","family":"Crowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leilani","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-9649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Merlin L.","family":"Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Heger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Supachai","family":"Rerks-Ngarm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6378-6288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandhya","family":"Vasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the RV348M Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0309355.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237649","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV infection and related risk factors among young Thai men between 2010 and 2011,\"","volume":"15","author":"J. E. D. Jose","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0309355.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835c546e","article-title":"Evidence of an explosive epidemic of HIV infection in a cohort of men who have sex with men in Thailand","volume":"27","author":"F. van Griensven","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0309355.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420921068","article-title":"HIV incidence among men who have sex with men and transgender women in four provinces in Thailand","volume":"31","author":"U. Kritsanavarin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0309355.ref004","article-title":"Risk Factors for HIV seroconversion in a high incidence cohort of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Bangkok, Thailand","author":"T. Wansom","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine, vol. in press"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309355.ref005","first-page":"30","article-title":"100 percent\" condom use seeks to slow HIV spread","volume":"13","author":"W. Rojanapitayakorn","year":"1993","journal-title":"(in eng), Network (Research Triangle Park, N.C.),"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0309355.ref006","first-page":"350","article-title":"Lubrication use in condom promotion among commercial sex workers and their clients in Ratchaburi, Thailand","volume":"78","author":"W. Rojanapithayakorn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309355.ref007","article-title":"HIV prevalence and risky behavior among men who have sex with men in Nakhon Ratchasima Province","volume":"9","author":"V. Thongdee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health and Development"},{"key":"pone.0309355.ref008","first-page":"7","article-title":"Office of AIDS, TB, and STI, Thai Ministry of Public Health","author":"Thailand National Guidelines on HIV\/AIDS Treatment and Prevention","year":"2017","journal-title":"Department of Disease Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0309355.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw832","article-title":"MTN-017: A Rectal Phase 2 Extended Safety and Acceptability Study of Tenofovir Reduced-Glycerin 1% Gel","volume":"64","author":"R. D. 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Rerks-Ngarm","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0309355.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204793","article-title":"Estimating recent HIV incidence among young men who have sex with men: Reinvigorating, validating and implementing Osmond\u2019s algorithm for behavioral imputation","volume":"13","author":"F. van Griensven","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309355.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c2fc86","article-title":"Trends in HIV Prevalence, Estimated HIV Incidence, and Risk Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003\u20132007","volume":"53","author":"F. van Griensven","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309355.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25540","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25540","article-title":"Evaluation of a pre-exposure prophylaxis programme for men who have sex with men and transgender women in Thailand: learning through the HIV prevention cascade lens","volume":"23","author":"R. 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Truong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0309355.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000614","article-title":"New Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis Independently Associated With Rectal Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex With Men","volume":"44","author":"L. A. Barbee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309355.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001105","article-title":"Anorectal and Urogenital Mycoplasma genitalium in Nigerian Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women: Prevalence, Incidence, and Association With HIV","volume":"47","author":"T. A. Crowell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"pone.0309355.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. H. Andrews, E. Faxelid, V. Sychaerun, and K. Phrasisombath, \"Determinants of consistent condom use among female sex workers in Savannakhet, Lao PDR,\" BMC Women\u2019s Health, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 63, 2015\/08\/19 2015, doi: 10.1186\/s12905-015-0215-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0215-0"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0309355.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236552","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236552","article-title":"Consistent condom use among men who pay for sex in sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys","volume":"15","author":"B. O. 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