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In the environment, plastics can degrade into microparticles where exposure has been documented in a variety of fauna at all trophic levels. Human epidemiological studies have found relationships between inhaled microplastics and oxidative stress and inflammation. Previous studies of bottlenose dolphins (<jats:italic>Tursiops truncatus<\/jats:italic>) have reported prevalent exposure to plasticizing chemicals (e.g., phthalates) as well as particle loads in gastrointestinal tracts, but exposure from inhalation has not yet been studied. The objective of this study was to determine if inhalation is a viable route of microplastic exposure for free-ranging dolphins. Exhalation samples were opportunistically collected from dolphins residing in Sarasota Bay, Florida (n = 5) and Barataria Bay, Louisiana (n = 6) during catch-and-release health assessments to screen for microplastic particles. All dolphin samples contained at least one suspected microplastic particle, and polymer composition was determined for 100% of a subset (n = 17) of samples. Additional studies are warranted to better understand the extent of inhaled microplastics, as well as to explore impacts, given potential risks to lung function and health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T17:21:15Z","timestamp":1729099275000},"page":"e0309377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["First evidence of microplastic inhalation among free-ranging small cetaceans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9998-9263","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miranda K.","family":"Dziobak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Fahlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-4181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Randall S.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Takeshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-6328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Austin","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0653-2852","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leslie B.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0309377.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134722","article-title":"Behavior of microplastics and plastic film residues in the soil environment: A critical review","volume":"703","author":"R Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0309377.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912107","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.912107","article-title":"Current State of Microplastic Pollution Research Data: Trends in Availability and Sources of Open Data.","volume":"10","author":"T Jenkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci."},{"key":"pone.0309377.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12847","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-023-04916-7","article-title":"A mixed method assessment of research productivity on microplastics in various compartments in the environment","volume":"20","author":"AO Adeniji","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"pone.0309377.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150431","article-title":"Microplastics pollution in the terrestrial environments: Poorly known diffuse sources and implications for plants","volume":"805","author":"C Campanale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0309377.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190","article-title":"Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities","volume":"586","author":"AA Horton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0309377.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects.","volume":"28","author":"K Duis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe 2016 28"},{"key":"pone.0309377.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.137946","article-title":"Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystem: Sources and migration in soil environment.","volume":"318","author":"U Surendran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0309377.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030","article-title":"Microplastics in the marine environment","author":"AL Andrady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin. 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