{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T23:30:48Z","timestamp":1772148648775,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center Poland","award":["OPUS 14 No. 2017\/27\/B\/NZ7\/02828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 14 No. 2017\/27\/B\/NZ7\/02828"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circulating blood is an important plasma free amino acids (PFAAs) reservoir and a pivotal link between metabolic pathways. No comparisons are available between athletes with opposite training adaptations that include a broader spectrum of both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, and that take into account skeletal muscle mass. We hypothesized that the levels of the exercise-induced PFAAs concentration are related to the type of training-related metabolic adaptation. We compared highly trained endurance athletes (n = 11) and sprinters (n = 10) aged 20\u201235 years who performed incremental exercise until exhaustion. Venous blood was collected before and during the test and 30-min recovery (12 samples). Forty-two PFAAs were assayed using LC-ESI-MS\/MS technique. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated using dual X-ray absorptiometry method. Glutamine and alanine were dominant PFAAs throughout the whole exercise and recovery period (~350\u2012650 \u03bcmol\u2219L<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>). Total, combined proteinogenic, non-essential, and non-proteinogenic PFAAs levels were significantly higher in endurance athletes than sprinters (ANOVA group effects: p = 0.007, <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 0.321; p = 0.011, <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 0.294; p = 0.003, <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 0.376; p = 0.001, <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 0.471, respectively). The exercise response was more pronounced in endurance athletes, especially for non-proteinogenic PFAAs (ANOVA interaction effect: p = 0.038, <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 0.123). Significant between-group differences were observed for 19 of 33 PFAAs detected, including 4 essential, 7 non-essential, and 8 non-proteinogenic ones. We demonstrated that the PFAAs response to incremental aerobic exercise is associated with the type of training-related metabolic adaptation. A greater turnover and availability of circulating PFAAs for skeletal muscles and other body tissues is observed in endurance- than in sprint-trained individuals. Non-proteinogenic PFAAs, despite low concentrations, also respond to exercise loads, indicating their important, though less understood role in exercise metabolism. Our study provides additional insight into the exercise-induced physiological response of PFAAs, and may also provide a rationale in discussions regarding dietary amino acid requirements in high-performance athletes with respect to sports specialization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T18:06:42Z","timestamp":1725041202000},"page":"e0309529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exercise-induced response of proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic plasma free amino acids is sport-specific: A comparison of sprint and endurance athletes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1191-5524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kusy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Matysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zenon J.","family":"Kokot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Ciekot-So\u0142tysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Klupczy\u0144ska-Gabryszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa Anna","family":"Zar\u0119bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Plewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Derezi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.11.1.87","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle amino acid metabolism during exercise","volume":"11","author":"MJ Gibala","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309529.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2741\/4610","article-title":"Homeostatic regulation of plasma amino acid concentrations","volume":"23","author":"SF Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0309529.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106771","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism in exercising man","volume":"50","author":"P Felig","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309529.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.2.301","article-title":"Exercise-induced changes in amino acid levels in skeletal muscle and plasma","volume":"2","author":"K Ishikura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010261","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle function by amino acids","volume":"12","author":"Y Kamei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.20.1.457","article-title":"Protein and amino acid metabolism during and after exercise and the effects of nutrition","volume":"20","author":"MJ Rennie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual Review of Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.160.1.149","article-title":"Effect of exercise on amino acid concentrations in skeletal muscle and plasma","volume":"160","author":"J. Henriksson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309529.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024908","article-title":"Influence of endurance training on plasma amino acid concentrations in humans at rest and after intense exercise","volume":"10","author":"KJ Einspahr","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.2.725","article-title":"Training and muscle ammonia and amino acid metabolism in humans during prolonged exercise","volume":"78","author":"TE Graham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90816.2008","article-title":"Metabolomic investigation into variation of endogenous metabolites in professional athletes subject to strength-endurance training","volume":"106","author":"B Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0309529.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91351.2008","article-title":"Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences","volume":"106","author":"NA Burd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0309529.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91481.2008","article-title":"Human muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during and after exercise","volume":"106","author":"V Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309529.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.21.12134-6","article-title":"Exercise intensity influences plasma and sweat amino acid concentrations: a crossover trial","volume":"62","author":"M Stone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.68.S31","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle function by amino acids, especially by non-proteinogenic amino acids","volume":"68","author":"T Sugimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref015","volume-title":"Album of photographs of food products and dishes.:","author":"L Szponar","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref016","first-page":"95","article-title":"Male and female athletes matched for maximum oxygen uptake per skeletal muscle mass: equal but still different","volume":"63","author":"J Trinschek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00260.2004","article-title":"Intermuscular adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle mass: estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in adults","volume":"97","author":"J Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0309529.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103533","article-title":"Effects of a honeybee sting on the serum free amino acid profile in humans","volume":"9","author":"J Matysiak","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0309529.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13749","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13749","article-title":"Corrected whole blood biomarkers\u2014the equation of Dill and Costill revisited","volume":"6","author":"P Matom\u00e4ki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiological Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309529.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00423246","article-title":"Changes in blood ammonia, lactate and amino acids in relation to workload during bicycle ergometer exercise in man","volume":"50","author":"P Babij","year":"1983","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1985.tb00591.x","article-title":"Free amino acids in muscle tissue and plasma during exercise in man","volume":"5","author":"J Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clinical Physiology"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10491","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10491","article-title":"Plasma BCAA concentrations during exercise of varied intensities in young healthy men-the impact of endurance training","volume":"8","author":"A Gawedzka","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-014-1876-y","article-title":"Leucine-enriched protein feeding does not impair exercise-induced free fatty acid availability and lipid oxidation: beneficial implications for training in carbohydrate-restricted states","volume":"47","author":"SG Impey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/15438620590922040","article-title":"Plasma glutamine changes after high-intensity exercise in elite male swimmers","volume":"13","author":"S Kargotich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research in Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0309529.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.5.2095","article-title":"Plasma and muscle amino acid and ammonia responses during prolonged exercise in humans","volume":"70","author":"DA MacLean","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309529.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2016.05.005","article-title":"Comparing the impact of an acute exercise bout on plasma amino acid composition, intraerythrocytic Ca(2+) handling, and red cell function in athletes and untrained subjects","volume":"60","author":"A Makhro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0309529.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0267","article-title":"Different signatures of high cardiorespiratory capacity revealed with metabolomic profiling in elite athletes","volume":"15","author":"G Monnerat","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309529.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0153617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153617","article-title":"Effects of exhaustive aerobic exercise on tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in trained athletes","volume":"11","author":"B Strasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309529.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199903000-00008","article-title":"Effect of vitamin B-6 supplementation on fuels, catecholamines, and amino acids during exercise in men","volume":"31","author":"RS Virk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-018-0242-y","article-title":"ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations","volume":"15","author":"CM Kerksick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.1.25","article-title":"Contrasting plasma free amino acid patterns in elite athletes: association with fatigue and infection","volume":"32","author":"KJ Kingsbury","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0309529.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.034041","article-title":"Reference intervals for serum creatine kinase in athletes","volume":"41","author":"V. Mougios","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","article-title":"Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance","volume":"32","author":"DR Bassett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0309529.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737090-00001","article-title":"The molecular bases of training adaptation","volume":"37","author":"VG Coffey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.012","article-title":"Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation","volume":"17","author":"B Egan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309529.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2002.03623.x","article-title":"Adaptations of skeletal muscle to prolonged, intense endurance training","volume":"29","author":"JA Hawley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309529.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.029","article-title":"Integrative biology of exercise","volume":"159","author":"JA Hawley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0309529.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.014","article-title":"Maximizing cellular adaptation to endurance exercise in skeletal muscle","volume":"27","author":"JA Hawley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training","volume":"6","author":"Y Hellsten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0309529.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17613","article-title":"Blood volume and hemoglobin mass in elite athletes of different disciplines","volume":"22","author":"K Heinicke","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0309529.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.36926","article-title":"Total haemoglobin mass, blood volume and morphological indices among athletes from different sport disciplines","volume":"9","author":"J Malczewska-Lenczowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Medical Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.18.08018-0","article-title":"Comprehensive overview of hemoglobin mass and blood volume in elite athletes across a wide range of different sporting disciplines","volume":"59","author":"I Zelenkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4199\/C00035ED1V01Y201106ISP023","volume-title":"Skeletal Muscle Circulation","author":"RJ Korthuis","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309529.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.058826","article-title":"Vascular adaptation in athletes: is there an \u2018athlete\u2019s artery\u2019?","volume":"97","author":"DJ Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199800260-00013","article-title":"Muscle amino acid metabolism at rest and during exercise: role in human physiology and metabolism","volume":"26","author":"AJ Wagenmakers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exercise And Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003375","article-title":"Change in lactate, ammonia, and hypoxanthine concentrations in a 1-year training cycle in highly trained athletes: Applying biomarkers as tools to assess training status","volume":"34","author":"M W\u0142odarczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002925","article-title":"Zagatto AM. Ergogenic Effects of \u03b2-Alanine Supplementation on Different Sports Modalities: Strong Evidence or Only Incipient Findings?","volume":"33","author":"GMP Brisola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309529.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2012","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine","volume":"93","author":"AA Boldyrev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4829180","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4829180","article-title":"Ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine: Partners in health and disease","volume":"2017","author":"D Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"issue":"285","key":"pone.0309529.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285ra62","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa5680","article-title":"Urinary metabolic signatures of human adiposity","volume":"7","author":"P Elliott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0309529.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.434183","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanolamine deficiency in Mammalian mitochondria impairs oxidative phosphorylation and alters mitochondrial morphology","volume":"288","author":"G Tasseva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00438-0","article-title":"Taurine in sports and exercise","volume":"18","author":"JA Kurtz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0309529.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.256404","article-title":"Proline precursors and collagen synthesis: biochemical challenges of nutrient supplementation and wound healing","volume":"147","author":"VL Albaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0309529.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31816605a0","article-title":"Plyometric exercise increases serum indices of muscle damage and collagen breakdown","volume":"22","author":"T Tofas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0309529.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64801","article-title":"2-Aminoadipic acid is a biomarker for diabetes risk","volume":"123","author":"TJ Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309529.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263409","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2023.2263409","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performance","volume":"20","author":"AA Ferrando","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0309529.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0177-8","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise","volume":"14","author":"R J\u00e4ger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0309529.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.04.004","article-title":"Tolerable upper intake level for individual amino acids in humans: A narrative review of recent clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"R. Elango","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0309529.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1882-z","article-title":"Supplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength","volume":"58","author":"PL Valenzuela","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309529.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-022-03227-4","article-title":"Subchronic tolerance trials of graded oral supplementation with ornithine hydrochloride or citrulline in healthy adults","volume":"55","author":"N Miura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0309529.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00116.x","article-title":"Gender differences in amino acid use during endurance exercise","volume":"63","author":"LS Lamont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutrition Reviews"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309529","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T18:07:24Z","timestamp":1725041244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309529"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anil","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309529","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}