{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:23:53Z","timestamp":1792603433720,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reuse of electro-coagulated sludge as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) ion reduction was investigated in this study. Electro-coagulated sludge was obtained during the removal of citric acid wastewater by the electrocoagulation process. The following parameters were optimized for Cr(VI) reduction: pH (5\u20137), initial Cr(VI) concentration (10\u201350 mg\/L), contact time (10\u201345 min), and adsorbent dosage (0.5\u20131.5 g\/L). Cr(VI) reduction optimization reduction experimental sets were designed using response surface design. Cr(VI) reduction optimization results 97.0% removal efficiency and 15.1 mg\/g adsorption capacity were obtained at pH 5.0, 1.5 g\/L electro-coagulated Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> sludge, 10 mg\/L initial Cr(VI) concentration and 45 min reaction time. According to the isotherm results, the experimental data are compatible with the Freundlich isotherm model, and since it is defined by the pseudo-second order model emphasizes that the driving forces of the Cr(VI) reduction process are rapid transfer of Cr(VI) to the adsorbent surface. The reusability of the adsorbent was investigated and Cr(VI) reduction was achieved at a high rate even in the 5th cycle. All these results clearly show that electro-coagulated Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> sludge is an effective, inexpensive adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T18:24:32Z","timestamp":1735669472000},"page":"e0309607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimization of chromium (VI) reduction in aqueous solution using magnetic Fe3O4 sludge resulting from electrocoagulation process"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"P\u0131nar","family":"Belibagli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelal","family":"Isik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadir","family":"Dizge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepanraj","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahman","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0079-7270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0309607.ref001","article-title":"Adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II) and Cr (III) on chemically modified Euterpe Oleracea biomass for the remediation of water pollution.","volume":"43","author":"A. 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