{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:01:37Z","timestamp":1792155697863,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nIntroduction<\/jats:title>\nIn March 2023, a Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) outbreak was declared in Kagera region, Northwestern Tanzania. This was the first MVD outbreak in the country. We describe the epidemiological characteristics of MVD cases and contacts.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nThe Ministry of Health activated an outbreak response team. Outbreak investigation methods were applied to cases identified through MVD standard case definitions and confirmed through reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). All identified case contacts were added into the contact listing form and followed up in-person daily for any signs or symptoms for 21 days. Data collected from various forms was managed and analyzed using Excel and QGIS software for mapping.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nA total of nine MVD cases were reported with eight laboratory-confirmed and one probable. Two of the reported cases were frontline healthcare workers and seven were family related members. Cases were children and adults between 1\u201359 years of age with a median age of 34 years. Six were males. Six cases died equivalent to a case fatality rate (CFR) of 66.7%. A total of 212 individuals were identified as contacts and two (2) became cases. The outbreak was localized in two geo-administrative wards (Maruku and Kanyangereko) of Bukoba District Council.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nTransmission during this outbreak occurred among family members and healthcare workers who provided care to the cases. The delay in detection aggravated the spread and possibly the consequent fatality but once confirmed the swift response stemmed further transmission containing the disease at the epicenter wards. The outbreak lasted for 72 days but as the origin is still unknown, further research is required to explore the source of this outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T17:26:13Z","timestamp":1725557173000},"page":"e0309762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Epidemiological description of Marburg virus disease outbreak in Kagera region, Northwestern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Vida","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2612-9125","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Mrema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danstan","family":"Ngenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Welema","family":"Magoge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Mwakapasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Matimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Medard","family":"Beyanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Samweli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kiremeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Kitambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1062-8937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erasto","family":"Sylvanus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Kyungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Manase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Hokororo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Kanyankole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rwabilimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issessanda","family":"Kaniki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kauki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-8864","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Ezekiely","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Mwengee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0561-4186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Ayeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faraja","family":"Msemwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Saguti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George S.","family":"Mgomella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9091-9808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kokuhabwa","family":"Mukurasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelina","family":"Mponela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliakimu","family":"Kapyolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mcharo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4861-7870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary","family":"Mayige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3644-5445","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wangeci","family":"Gatei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishata","family":"Conteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8914-8583","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Mala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pius","family":"Horumpende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paschal","family":"Ruggajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Magembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zabulon","family":"Yoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Kwesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tumaini","family":"Nagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0309762.ref001","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Marburg Virus Disease _ Marburg (Marburg Virus Disease) _ CDC [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch (VSPB); [cited 2023 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/marburg\/about.html"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0309762.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05834-2","article-title":"Renaming of genera Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus to Orthoebolavirus and Orthomarburgvirus, respectively, and introduction of binomial species names within family Filoviridae","volume":"168","author":"N Biedenkopf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0309762.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000536","article-title":"Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats.","volume":"5","author":"JS Towner","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0309762.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002877","article-title":"Seasonal Pulses of Marburg Virus Circulation in Juvenile Rousettus aegyptiacus Bats Coincide with Periods of Increased Risk of Human Infection","volume":"8","author":"BR Amman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0309762.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.071115","article-title":"Studies of reservoir hosts for Marburg virus","volume":"13","author":"R Swanepoel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0309762.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000764","article-title":"Marburg virus infection detected in a common African bat.","volume":"2","author":"JS Towner","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref007","first-page":"542","article-title":"1968. Marburg virus disease","author":"GA Martini","year":"1973"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0309762.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-71-3-657","article-title":"Green monkey disease (\u201cMarburg virus\u201d disease): a new zoonosis.","volume":"71","author":"JP Luby","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0309762.ref009","first-page":"101","article-title":"Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya.","volume":"1996","author":"ED Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Virol Suppl"},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref010","article-title":"Detection of Marburg Virus Disease in Guinea.","author":"J Faraone","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Marburg virus disease outbreak in Kween District Uganda, 2017: Epidemiological and laboratory findings.","author":"LN Id","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0309762.ref012","article-title":"Isolated Case of Marburg Virus Disease, Kampala, Uganda, 2014.","volume":"23","author":"L Nyakarahuka","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0309762.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0912.030355","article-title":"Risk Factors for Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"9","author":"DG Bausch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0309762.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv351","article-title":"Multidistrict Outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease\u2014Uganda, 2012","volume":"212","author":"B Knust","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 3","key":"pone.0309762.ref015","first-page":"2","article-title":"Outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever among miners in kamwenge and ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007","volume":"204","author":"J Adjemian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0309762.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6497","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00069-06","article-title":"Marburgvirus Genomics and Association with a Large Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Angola","volume":"80","author":"JS Towner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0309762.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.090015","article-title":"Response to Imported Case of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, the Netherlands","volume":"15","author":"A. Timen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref018","volume-title":"Ebola disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus\u2013Uganda","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Filoviridae: Marburg and ebola viruses.","author":"H Feldmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fields Virol Sixth Ed."},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref020","volume-title":"National Population and House Census of Tanzania.","author":"National Bureau of Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Case definition recommendations for Ebola or Marburg virus diseases.","author":"World Health Organization (WHO).","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interim Guidel"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309762.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-08-198","article-title":"Oral shedding of Marburg virus in experimentally infected Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus).","volume":"51","author":"BR Amman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref023","first-page":"816","author":"BK Johnson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Marburg Virus Disease in Kenya"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 3","key":"pone.0309762.ref024","article-title":"Basic clinical and Laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever","volume":"204","author":"MG Kortepeter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0309762.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv307","article-title":"Risk factors for transmission of Ebola or Marburg virus disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"45","author":"J Brainard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0309762.ref026","author":"717 Alliances","year":"2022","journal-title":"7-1-7 Implementation Toolkit."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309762","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T17:28:12Z","timestamp":1725557292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309762"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kajihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309762","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}