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The aim of the present study was to simultaneously determine matched serum- and urine-derived biomarkers of IC\/BPS, which would provide additional insights into disease mechanisms and set the basis for further biomarker validation. Our study included 12 female patients with IC\/BPS and 12 healthy controls. A total of 33 different biomarkers were measured, including cytokines and chemokines, proteins involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, adhesion molecules, growth factors, and markers of oxidative stress using enzyme linked immunoassays and multiplex technology. Heatmaps and principal component analysis based on significantly altered biomarkers, revealed urine- and serum-associated IC\/BPS signatures that clearly differentiated IC\/BPS patients from controls. Four biomarkers, including CCL11, BAFF, HGF and MMP9, were significantly upregulated in both serum and urine of patients with IC\/BPS compared to controls. Serum levels of MMP9 were associated with disease severity and could distinguish well between IC\/BPS patients with and without Hunner\u2019s lesions. Systemic levels of MMP9 can therefore mirror the local pathology within the bladders of IC\/BPS patients, and MMP9 may prove to be a useful target for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Utilizing a comprehensive panel of both urine and serum biomarkers, identified here, holds promise for disease detection in IC\/BPS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T18:45:48Z","timestamp":1735670748000},"page":"e0309815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Matched serum- and urine-derived biomarkers of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain 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