{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:10:34Z","timestamp":1740147034494,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RU 780\/19-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RU 780\/19-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STE 838\/12-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STE 838\/12-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biofilms in cooling towers represent a common habitat for the human pathogen <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>. Within the biofilm consortium, frequent interactions with protozoa, i.e. amoebae and ciliates, were reported, while nematodes have only recently been considered as potential environmental reservoir for the pathogenic bacteria. This study is the first approach to investigate the biotic interactions between <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumophila<\/jats:italic> and bacterial-feeding nematodes in a semi-natural biofilm model. The species were <jats:italic>Diploscapter coronatus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Diploscapter pachys<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Plectus similis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plectus<\/jats:italic> sp., which all co-occur with <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumophila<\/jats:italic> in the environment. Biofilms derived from cooling towers were either inoculated with mCherry-labeled <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumophila<\/jats:italic> solely or in combination with GFP-labeled <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. All experiments were conducted in single-species set-ups and multi-species (<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coronatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>similis<\/jats:italic>) set-ups, to account for interspecific competition. Bacterial ingestion was assessed after 24 and 96 h as fluorescence patterns in the digestive tract of the nematodes using confocal laser scanning microscopy. <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumophila<\/jats:italic> cells were ingested by all nematode species, with <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coronatus<\/jats:italic> having the highest pathogen load. The fluorescence intensity (i.e. bacterial load) varied between compartments within the digestive tract and was independent of incubation time. Bacterial cells accumulated mostly around the cardia and in the intestine, while less cells were found within stoma and pharynx. Interspecific competition changed the pattern, i.e. with incubation of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coronatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>similis<\/jats:italic> in the same biofilm a significantly higher pathogen load occurred in the intestine of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coronatus<\/jats:italic> than <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>similis<\/jats:italic> after 24 h and 96 h. Remarkably, when given a choice between <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumophila<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>similis<\/jats:italic> was the only nematode species containing both bacteria after incubation for 24 h. None of the other nematode species contained <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> after 24 h and 96 h incubation, while <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumophila<\/jats:italic> was present. This study thus provides the first evidence, that under environmental conditions <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumophila<\/jats:italic> is a frequent diet of bacterial-feeding nematodes, highlighting their potential as pathogen vectors or even host in cooling tower habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T17:33:56Z","timestamp":1729877636000},"page":"e0309820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biotic interactions between the human pathogen Legionella pneumophila and nematode grazers in cooling tower biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-5829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christin","family":"Ortlieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Labrosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8061-6208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liliane","family":"Ruess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Steinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0309820.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2015.05.006","article-title":"Biodiversity, community structure and function of biofilms in stream ecosystems","volume":"166","author":"K Besemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0309820.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"L Hall-Stoodley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0309820.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biofilm development with an emphasis on Bacillus subtilis","author":"KP Lemon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bact Biofilms"},{"key":"pone.0309820.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16393","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908446106","article-title":"Opportunistic pathogens enriched in showerhead biofilms","volume":"106","author":"LM Feazel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0309820.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6673","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00872-10","article-title":"Influence of the diversity of bacterial isolates from drinking water on resistance of biofilms to disinfection","volume":"76","author":"LC Simoes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0309820.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-013-3498-3","article-title":"Investigation of the bacterial load and antibiotic susceptibility of dental units","volume":"186","author":"ND G\u00fcng\u00f6r","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"pone.0309820.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-017-0925-4","article-title":"Bacterial community structures in air conditioners installed in Japanese residential buildings","volume":"111","author":"K Hatayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"pone.0309820.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025691","article-title":"Communicable diseases prioritized for surveillance and epidemiological research: results of a standardized prioritization procedure in Germany, 2011","volume":"6","author":"Y Balabanova","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0309820.ref009","volume-title":"Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch meldepflichtiger Krankheiten f\u00fcr 2020","author":"RKI","year":"2021","edition":"1"},{"volume-title":"ECDC. 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