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Less is known about the association of air pollution with initial development of cardiovascular disease. Herein, the association between low-level exposure to air pollutants and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in adults without known clinical cardiovascular disease was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cross-sectional analysis within a prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds Cohort Study; a pan-Canadian cohort of cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Canadian adults (n = 6645) recruited between 2014\u20132018 from the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia, were studied, for whom averages of exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), and fine particulate matter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) were estimated for the years 2008\u20132012.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Carotid vessel wall volume (CWV) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec006\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In adjusted linear mixed models, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> was not consistently associated with CWV (per 5 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>; adjusted estimate = -8.4 mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) -23.3 to 6.48; p = 0.27). A 5 ppb higher NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentration was associated with 11.8 mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> lower CWV (95% CI -16.2 to -7.31; p&lt;0.0001). A 3 ppb increase in O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was associated with 9.34 mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> higher CWV (95% CI 4.75 to 13.92; p&lt;0.0001). However, the coarse\/insufficient O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> resolution (10 km) is a limitation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec007\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In a cohort of healthy Canadian adults there was no consistent association between PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> or NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and increased CWV as a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis by MRI. The reasons for these inconsistent associations warrant further study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T17:24:37Z","timestamp":1730395477000},"page":"e0309912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exposure to air pollutants and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis measured by magnetic resonance imaging: A cross-sectional analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sandi M.","family":"Azab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dany","family":"Doiron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karleen M.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Moody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dipika","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias G.","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shrikant I.","family":"Bangdiwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dena","family":"Zeraatkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor J. 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