{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:48:02Z","timestamp":1792504082571,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Donatio Intensivistam Endowment Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Exposure of critically ill patients to antibiotics lead to intestinal dysbiosis, which often manifests as antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Faecal microbiota transplantation restores gut microbiota and may lead to faster resolution of diarrhoea.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Into this prospective, multi-centre, randomized controlled trial we will enrol 36 critically ill patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. We will exclude patients with ongoing sepsis, need of systemic antibiotics, or those after recent bowel surgery or any other reason that prevents the FMT. Randomisation will be in 1:1 ratio. Patients in the control group will receive standard treatment based on oral diosmectite. In the intervention group, patients will receive, in addition to the standard of care, faecal microbiota transplantation via rectal tube, in the form of a preparation mixed from 7 thawed aliquots (50 mL) made from fresh stool of 7 healthy unrelated donors and quarantined deep frozen for 3 to 12 months. Primary outcome is treatment failure defined as intervention not delivered or diarrhoea persisting at day 7 after randomisation. Secondary outcomes include safety measures such as systemic inflammatory response, adverse events, and also diarrhoea recurrence within 28 days. Exploratory outcomes focus on gut barrier function and composition of intestinal microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Faecal microbiota transplantation has been effective for dysbiosis in non-critically ill patients with recurrent <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic> infections and it is plausible to hypothesize that it will be equally effective for symptoms of dysbiosis in the critically ill patients. In addition, animal experiments and observational data suggest other benefits such as reduced colonization with multi-drug resistant bacteria and improved gut barrier and immune function. The frozen faeces from unrelated donors are immediately available when needed, unlike those from the relatives, who require lengthy investigation. Using multiple donors maximises graft microbiota diversity. Nonetheless, in vulnerable critically ill patients, Faecal microbiota transplantation might lead to bacterial translocation and unforeseen complications. From growing number of case series it is clear that its off label use in the critically ill patients is increasing and that there is a burning need to objectively assess its efficacy and safety, which this trial aims.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05430269\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT05430269<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T18:30:07Z","timestamp":1735324207000},"page":"e0310180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Allogenic faecal microbiota transplantation for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in critically ill patients (FEBATRICE)\u2013Study protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (phase II)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"Cibulkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Rehorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Soukupova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Waldauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-5084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monika","family":"Cahova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Manak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Matejovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1559-4078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frantisek","family":"Duska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0310180.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22175","article-title":"Gut Microbes and Health: A Focus on the Mechanisms Linking Microbes, Obesity, and Related Disorders","volume":"26","author":"M Rastelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620967898","article-title":"A standardised model for stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation: a consensus report from a multidisciplinary UEG working group","volume":"9","author":"JJ Keller","year":"2021","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"375","author":"V. Lynch S","year":"2016","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319654","article-title":"Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: The NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries","volume":"69","author":"TS Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref005","unstructured":"Vincent J-L, Rello J, Marshall J, et al. International Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units."},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000489","article-title":"Should fecal microbial transplantation be used in the ICU?","volume":"24","author":"SA McClave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref007","author":"S Hempel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101459","article-title":"Fecal microbial transplantation in critically ill patients\u2014Structured review and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"I Cibulkov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000321","article-title":"Role of the microbiome, probiotics, and \u2018dysbiosis therapy\u2019 in critical illness","volume":"22","author":"PE Wischmeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.14278-0","article-title":"Microbiome: What intensivists should know","volume":"86","author":"R Nakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2020.06.011","article-title":"Classification of the Gut Microbiota of Patients in Intensive Care Units During Development of Sepsis and Septic Shock","volume":"18","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13755","article-title":"Impact of compliance with infection management guidelines on outcome in patients with severe sepsis: A prospective observational multi-center study","volume":"18","author":"F Bloos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05929-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial-associated harm in critical care: a narrative review","volume":"46","author":"N Arulkumaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref014","author":"Y Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonie Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1906.06064","article-title":"Role of probiotics in human gut microbiome-associated diseases","volume":"29","author":"SK Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"159","author":"GL Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00487-8","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of VAP in critically ill ICU patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"8","author":"P Batra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-021-00567-3","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of diarrhea in ventilated critically ill ICU patients: meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"9","author":"K Shimizu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1434-y","article-title":"Probiotic and synbiotic therapy in critical illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"W Manzanares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref020","first-page":"1625","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fungemia: An Emerging Infectious Disease","author":"P Mu\u00f1 oz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3436","article-title":"A reassessment of the PROPATRIA study and its implications for probiotic therapy","volume":"34","author":"GPA Bongaerts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.253","article-title":"Response to Zhang","volume":"107","author":"LJ Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref023","author":"TJ Borody","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bacteriotherapy Using Fecal Flora Toying With Human Motions"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2019.1701703","article-title":"Treatment of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection","volume":"52","author":"O Jarmo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001278","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guidelines: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infections","volume":"116","author":"CR Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12750","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplant in 9 critically ill patients with severe and complicated Clostridium difficile infection with impending colectomy","volume":"20","author":"J Alukal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14816","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy plus vancomycin for the treatment of severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection\u2014single versus multiple infusions","volume":"48","author":"G Ianiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref028","first-page":"100","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplant Decreases Mortality in Patients With Refractory Severe and Severe Complicated Clostridium difficile Infection Not Eligible for Colectomy","volume":"112","author":"Y-WMHXEPNRSSMBZKMJAMMFM Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01197-12","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota containing Barnesiella species cures vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization","volume":"81","author":"C Ubeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix252","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Blood Disorders Inhibits Gut Colonization With Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Results of a Prospective, Single-Center Study","volume":"65","author":"J Bilinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref031","article-title":"P639 Faecal microbiota transplantation as a rescue therapy for steroid-dependent and\/or non-responsive patients with ulcerative colitis: a pilot study","author":"T Karakan","journal-title":"P640 Co-detection of infliximab and antibodies in an ECLIA assay amongst IBD patients treated with infliximab"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000908","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation is Safe and Efficacious for Recurrent or Refractory Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"22","author":"M Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-233135","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) with dietary therapy for acute severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"13","author":"SP Costello","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref034","article-title":"Successful treatment of severe sepsis and diarrhea after vagotomy utilizing fecal microbiota transplantation: A case report","volume":"19","author":"Q Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref035","article-title":"Successful treatment with fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and diarrhea following severe sepsis","volume":"20","author":"Y Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref036","article-title":"Rescue fecal microbiota transplantation for antibiotic-associated diarrhea in critically ill patients","volume":"23","author":"M Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref037","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials","author":"1 JMTPCGDGAHMJABKDAHKFSWRPKK-JALDM An-Wen Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2012.672587","article-title":"Fecal transplant against relapsing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in 32 patients","volume":"47","author":"C Jorup-R\u00f6nstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1803103","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Primary Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"378","author":"FE Juul","year":"2018","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i10.1908","article-title":"Risk factors, incidence, and morbidity associated with antibioticassociated diarrhea in intensive care unit patients receiving antibiotic monotherapy","volume":"8","author":"H Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12738","article-title":"Bristol Stool Form Scale reliability and agreement decreases when determining Rome III stool form designations","volume":"28","author":"BP Chumpitazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology and Motility"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref042","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05645-7","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in the ICU: perspectives on future implementations","volume":"45","author":"L Alagna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref044","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation restores dysbiosis in patients with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus enterocolitis","volume":"15","author":"Y Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.300","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Multidrug-Resistant Organism Decolonization Administered during Septic Shock","volume":"39","author":"SN Gopalsamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref046","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fecal Microbial Transplantation for the Treatment of Persistent Multidrug-Resistant K lebsiella pneumoniae Infection in a Critically Ill Patient","volume":"2020","author":"V Ueckermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.12.009","article-title":"A 5-day course of oral antibiotics followed by faecal transplantation to eradicate carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"BD Huttner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.02.001","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota and host immune interactions in the critically ill","volume":"21","author":"TJ Schuijt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13290","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation plus selected use of vancomycin for severe-complicated Clostridium difficile infection: description of a protocol with high success rate","volume":"42","author":"M Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3296-y","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation, a Simple and Effective Treatment for Severe and Refractory Clostridium Difficile Infection","volume":"60","author":"H Zainah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06147-z","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridioides difficile in High-Risk Older Adults Is Associated with Early Recurrence","volume":"65","author":"Y Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref052","author":"OC Aroniadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Long-term Follow-up Study of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Severe and\/or Complicated Clostridium difficile Infection A Multicenter Experience"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref053","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Recurrent, Severe, and Complicated Clostridium difficile Infection in 146 Elderly Individuals"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref054","first-page":"533","article-title":"Decrease in Surgery for Clostridium difficile Infection After Starting a Program to Transplant Fecal Microbiota","volume":"162","author":"Giovanni Cammarota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref055","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Fulminant Clostridium difficile Infection with Fecal Bacteriotherapy","volume":"148","author":"DM You","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref056","unstructured":"Yu S, Abdelkarim A, Nawras A, et al. Fecal Transplant for Treatment of Toxic Megacolon Associated With Clostridium Difficile Colitis in a Patient With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy."},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref057","author":"V \u0158eho\u0159ov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multi-donor Fecal Microbial Transplantation for Critically Ill Patients: Rationale and Standard Operating Procedure"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30182-4","article-title":"Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"S Paramsothy","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap9489","article-title":"Reconstitution of the gut microbiota of antibiotic-treated patients by autologous fecal microbiota transplant","volume":"10","author":"Y Taur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319548","article-title":"International consensus conference on stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice","volume":"68","author":"G Cammarota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"pone.0310180.ref061","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: 2021 update on the treatment guidance document for Clostridioides difficile infection in adults","author":"J van Prehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection.<"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T18:30:25Z","timestamp":1735324225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310180"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Furqan","family":"Kabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]}}}