{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:10:23Z","timestamp":1740147023189,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["69A3551747113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69A3551747113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005217","name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R49-CE003092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R49-CE003092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To examine trends and potential disparities in North Carolina (NC) driving while impaired by alcohol (alcohol-DWI) license suspensions from 2007\u20132016. Specific objectives included: 1) examining personal (e.g., race\/ethnicity) and contextual (e.g., residential segregation) characteristics of alcohol-DWI license suspensions by suspension duration; and 2) examining trends in annual suspension rates by race\/ethnicity, sex, and duration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We linked NC administrative licensing and county-level survey data from several sources from 2007\u20132016. Suspensions were categorized by duration: 1 to &lt;4 years and 4 years or longer (proxies for initial and repeat suspensions, respectively). We calculated counts, percentages, and suspensions rates (per 1,000 person-years) with 95% confidence intervals, examined trends in annual suspension rates by race\/ethnicity, sex, and suspension duration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We identified 220,471 initial and 41,526 repeat license suspensions. Rates among males were three times that of females. 21-24-year-old (rates: 6.9 per 1,000 person-years for initial; 1.5 for repeat) and Black (4.1 for initial; 1.0 for repeat) individuals had the highest suspension rates. We observed decreases in annual initial and repeat suspension rates among males, but only in repeat suspensions for females during the study period. A substantial decrease in annual initial suspension rates was observed among Hispanic individuals relative to other racial\/ethnic groups, while annual repeat suspension rates exhibited large decreases for most racial\/ethnic groups. The highest overall suspension rates occurred in counties with higher proportions of the population without health insurance and with the highest levels of Black\/White residential segregation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Potential disparities by race\/ethnicity and sex existed by alcohol-DWI license suspension duration (i.e., initial vs. repeat suspensions) in NC. Contextual characteristics associated with suspensions, including a high degree of residential segregation, may provide indications of underlying structures and mechanisms driving potential disparities in alcohol-DWI outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T17:34:24Z","timestamp":1726853664000},"page":"e0310270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends and disparities in alcohol-DWI license suspensions by suspension duration, North Carolina, 2007\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bhavna","family":"Singichetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yudan Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1205-2759","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yvonne M.","family":"Golightly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca B.","family":"Naumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0310270.ref001","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2020 data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2022 Apr. Report No.: DOT HS 813 294. Available: https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/813294"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2020.1836366","article-title":"Potential lives saved by in-vehicle alcohol detection systems","volume":"22","author":"CM Farmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"journal-title":"GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","first-page":"2","year":"2020","key":"pone.0310270.ref003"},{"volume-title":"Drinking and Driving in the Past 30 days: 2014 N.C. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System","year":"2016","author":"North Carolina Injury & Violence Prevention Branch","key":"pone.0310270.ref004"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106439","article-title":"Driving under the influence of Alcohol: Findings from the NSDUH, 2002\u20132017.","volume":"108","author":"S Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.01.016","article-title":"Drinking and driving among adults in the United States: Results from the 2012\u20132013 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III","volume":"125","author":"AZ Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.03.024","article-title":"Trends in female and male drunken driving prevalence over thirty years: Triangulating diverse sources of evidence (1985\u20132015).","volume":"84","author":"J Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref008","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2019 data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2021 Jul. Report No.: DOT HS 813 120. Available: https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/813120"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref009","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2018 data: alcohol-impaired driving. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2019 Dec. Report No.: DOT HS 812 864. Available: https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/812864"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6430a2","article-title":"Alcohol-Impaired Driving Among Adults\u2014United States, 2012.","volume":"64","author":"A Jewett","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.07.004","article-title":"Driving under the influence (DUI) among U.S. ethnic groups.","volume":"37","author":"R Caetano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref012","unstructured":"Romano E, Voas RB, Lacey JH. Alcohol and highway safety: Special report on race\/ethnicity and impaired driving. Washington, D.C: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2010. Report No.: DOT HS 811 336."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voas RB, Tippetts AS, Fisher DA. Ethnicity and Alcohol-Related Fatalities: 1990 to 1994. Washington, D.C: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2000 Jun. Report No.: DOT HS 809 068. Available: https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/1638","DOI":"10.1037\/e441272008-001"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/e731862011-001","volume-title":"Race and ethnicity in fatal motor vehicle traffic crashes 1999\u20132004.","author":"J. Hilton","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxr018","article-title":"The Role of Race\/Ethnicity in Alcohol-attributable Injury in the United States.","volume":"34","author":"KM Keyes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref016","article-title":"Suspect citizens: What 20 million traffic stops tell us about policing and race","author":"FR Baumgartner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0224127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224127","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and alcohol use disorders across the lifespan: A co-relative control study","volume":"14","author":"S Calling","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00331.x","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and drinking patterns in young adults.","volume":"98","author":"S Casswell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr075","article-title":"The Association between Social Determinants and Drunken Driving: A 15-Year Register-based Study of 81,125 Suspects","volume":"46","author":"A Impinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref020","first-page":"69","article-title":"Alcohol Use Patterns Among Urban and Rural Residents: Demographic and Social Influences.","volume":"38","author":"MA Dixon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Curr Rev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.09.002","article-title":"Effects of Enforcement Intensity on Alcohol Impaired Driving Crashes.","volume":"0","author":"JC Fell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.04.016","article-title":"Impact of alcohol checks and social norm on driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI).","volume":"80","author":"U Meesmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-018-9464-4","article-title":"Policing The Drunk Driving Problem: A Longitudinal Examination of DUI Enforcement and Alcohol Related Crashes in the U.S. (1985\u20132015).","volume":"44","author":"RJ Stringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.12.011","article-title":"The impact of outlet densities on alcohol-related crashes: a spatial panel approach.","volume":"39","author":"AJ Treno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.06.011","article-title":"Estimating factors of individual and regional characteristics affecting the drink driving recidivism.","volume":"119","author":"T-Y Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/10509674.2013.813616","article-title":"A Comparison of First Time and Repeat Rural DUI Offenders.","volume":"52","author":"MF Dickson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Offender Rehabil."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2015.1043436","article-title":"Risk of alcohol abuse in urban versus rural DUI offenders","volume":"41","author":"M Malek-Ahmadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.05.008","article-title":"Identification of differences between rural and urban safety cultures.","volume":"41","author":"ME Rakauskas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.4.615","article-title":"The relation of residential segregation to all-cause mortality: a study in black and white.","volume":"90","author":"SA Jackson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/00045600903379042","article-title":"The measurement of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and black and white residential segregation in metropolitan Detroit: Implications for the study of social disparities in health.","volume":"100","author":"J Darden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Assoc Am Geogr"},{"article-title":"The roots of structural racism: Twenty-first century racial residential segregation in the United States.","year":"2021","author":"S Menendian","key":"pone.0310270.ref031"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0193222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193222","article-title":"Racial residential segregation, socioeconomic disparities, and the White-Black survival gap.","volume":"13","author":"I Popescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2012.01410.x","article-title":"Elucidating the role of place in health care disparities: the example of racial\/ethnic residential segregation.","volume":"47","author":"K White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558711420263","article-title":"Residential segregation and disparities in health care services utilization.","volume":"69","author":"DJ Gaskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxp001","article-title":"Is segregation bad for your health?","volume":"31","author":"MR Kramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102385","article-title":"Structural racism in the built environment: Segregation and the overconcentration of alcohol outlets","volume":"64","author":"J Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref037","first-page":"15","article-title":"The comparative effectiveness of alcohol rehabilitation and licensing control actions for drunk driving offenders: A review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"RC Peck","year":"1985","journal-title":"Alcohol Drugs Driv"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref038","first-page":"33","article-title":"The effectiveness of legal sanctions in dealing with drinking drivers","volume":"6","author":"JL Nichols","year":"1990","journal-title":"Alcohol Drugs Driv"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02978.x","article-title":"An evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol treatment, driver license actions and jail terms in reducing drunk driving recidivism in California.","volume":"92","author":"DJ DeYoung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.11.012","article-title":"Effectiveness of Ignition Interlocks for Preventing Alcohol-Impaired Driving and Alcohol-Related Crashes: A Community Guide Systematic Review.","volume":"40","author":"RW Elder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(91)90001-L","article-title":"The long-term traffic safety impact of a pilot alcohol abuse treatment as an alternative to license suspensions","volume":"23","author":"DD Sadler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref042","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Driven to Failure: An Empirical Analysis of Driver\u2019s License Suspension in North Carolina.","volume":"69","author":"WE Crozier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Duke LJ."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref043","unstructured":"North Carolina Sentencing and Policy Advisory Commission. Driving While Impaired Convictions: Statistical Report, Fiscal Year 2022. North Carolina Judicial Branch; 2023 Jun. Available: https:\/\/www.nccourts.gov\/assets\/documents\/publications\/SPAC-FY-2022-DWI-Statistical-Report_0.pdf?VersionId=nAL1hSfIHzUkadOWk_w_XPsIUUcQDSpO"},{"author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","key":"pone.0310270.ref044","article-title":"Older Drivers."},{"article-title":"American Community Survey Information Guide.","year":"2017","author":"US Census Bureau","key":"pone.0310270.ref045"},{"volume-title":"Using the American Community Survey: Benefits and Challenges","year":"2007","author":"National Research Council","key":"pone.0310270.ref046"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref047","first-page":"48","article-title":"The Value of the American Community Survey: Smart Government, Competitive Businesses, and Informed Citizens.","author":"R Powers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Economics and Statistics Administration, US Department of Commerce"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0044-2","article-title":"The County Health Rankings: rationale and methods.","volume":"13","author":"PL Remington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref049","article-title":"Explore Health Rankings","author":"University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute","year":"2021","journal-title":"County Health Rankings & Roadmaps"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref050","unstructured":"Office of Management and Budget. Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas. Washington, D.C: Office of Management and Budget; 2013 Feb. Report No.: OMB Bulletin No. 13\u201301. Available: https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/omb\/bulletins\/2013\/b-13-01.pdf"},{"article-title":"USDA ERS\u2014Rural-Urban Continuum Codes","year":"2020","author":"Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture.","key":"pone.0310270.ref051"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref052","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Digest of Impaired Driving and Selected Beverage Control Laws, 30th Edition, Current as of December 31, 2015. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2017 Jun p. 518. Report No.: DOT HS 812 394."},{"author":"North Carolina Department of Public Safety","key":"pone.0310270.ref053","article-title":"NC DPS: Driving While Impaired"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref054","unstructured":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Driving While Impaired (DWI) Substance Use Services Report\u2014North Carolina General Statute 122C - 142.1: Report to the Joint Legislative Commission on Governmental Operations. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Mental Health; 2020 Jan. Available: https:\/\/www.ncdhhs.gov\/media\/9294\/download"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500401","article-title":"An ecological perspective on health promotion programs.","volume":"15","author":"KR McLeroy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"article-title":"Bridged-race intercensal estimates of the resident population of the United States for July 1, 2000-July 1, 2009, by year, county, single-year of age (0, 1, 2,.., 85 years and over), bridged race, Hispanic origin, and sex. Prepared under a collaborative arrangement with the U.S. Census Bureau","year":"2016","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","key":"pone.0310270.ref056"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref057","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. Vintage 2020 postcensal estimates of the resident population of the United States (April 1, 2010, July 1, 2010-July 1, 2020), by year, county, single-year of age (0, 1, 2,., 85 years and over), bridged race, Hispanic origin, and sex. Prepared under a collaborative arrangement with the U.S. Census Bureau. Available from: \/nchs\/nvss\/bridged_race.htm as of September 22, 2021, following release by the U.S. Census Bureau of the unbridged Vintage 2020 postcensal estimates by 5-year age group on June 17, 2021."},{"author":"State Demographer of the North Carolina Office of State Budget & Management. Population Projections (By Sex and Age)","key":"pone.0310270.ref058","article-title":"North Carolina Office of State Budget & Management"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1154108","article-title":"The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose.","volume":"70","author":"RL Wasserstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Stat."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref060","unstructured":"Lipari RN, Hughes A, Bose J. Driving under the influence of alcohol and illicit drugs. The CBHSQ report. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref061","first-page":"161","article-title":"Approaches for reducing alcohol-impaired driving: evidence-based legislation, law enforcement strategies, sanctions, and alcohol-control policies.","volume":"31","author":"JC Fell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2008.00121.x","article-title":"The Narrowing Gender Gap in Arrests: Assessing Competing Explanations Using Self-Report, Traffic Fatality, and Official Data on Drunk Driving, 1980\u20132004*.","volume":"46","author":"J Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.02.017","article-title":"An evaluation of the narrowing gender gap in DUI arrests.","volume":"43","author":"AA Robertson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.12.024","article-title":"Sex differences in the association between impulsivity and driving under the influence of alcohol in young adults: The specific role of sensation seeking","volume":"124","author":"JF Navas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref065","article-title":"Gender differences in driving under the influence (DUI) program client characteristics: Implications for treatment delivery.","author":"K Reilly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Women Health."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref066","first-page":"21","article-title":"Driven to Despair: Confronting Racial Inequity in North Carolina\u2019s License Suspension Practices.","volume":"43","author":"JM Lechner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Campbell Law Rev"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref067","unstructured":"Rogers PN. Identifying Barriers to Driving Privilege Reinstatement Among California DUI Offenders. California Department of Motor Vehicles; 2012 May p. 114. Report No.: CAL-DMV-RSS-12-237."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305409","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Drug- and Alcohol-Related Arrest Outcomes in a Southwest County From 2009 to 2018.","volume":"110","author":"R Camplain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100669","article-title":"What explains the concentration of off-premise alcohol outlets in Black neighborhoods?","volume":"12","author":"JP Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM\u2014Popul Health."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-013-9212-8","article-title":"Racial Residential Segregation and Social Control: A Panel Study of the Variation in Police Strength Across U.S Cities, 1980\u20132010.","volume":"39","author":"SL Kent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7","article-title":"Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health","volume":"116","author":"DR Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"volume-title":"Trends and Insights: Race and Insurance Pricing","year":"2022","author":"Insurance Information Institute","key":"pone.0310270.ref072"},{"volume-title":"HUD & Associated Bank Reach Historic $200 Million Settlement of \u2018Redlining\u2019 Claim.","year":"2015","author":"B. Sullivan","key":"pone.0310270.ref073"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref074","article-title":"Worries Grow Census Data Could Be Used to Target the Undocumented.","author":"S. Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Indypendent."},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref075","article-title":"How We Examined Racial Discrimination in Auto Insurance Prices.","author":"J Larson","year":"2017","journal-title":"ProPublica"},{"volume-title":"Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation","year":"2022","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","key":"pone.0310270.ref076"},{"volume-title":"Driver Accountability Program","year":"2022","author":"Center for Court Innovation","key":"pone.0310270.ref077"},{"key":"pone.0310270.ref078","first-page":"32","volume-title":"The Driver Accountability Program: A Participant-Focused Evaluation of a New York City Alternative Sentencing Program","author":"E Sexton","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T17:34:39Z","timestamp":1726853679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310270"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benjamin Jerry","family":"Ridenhour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]}}}