{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:11:13Z","timestamp":1792789873564,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bristol Myers Squibb\/Pfizer"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This observational study compared effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs; apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran) or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) at high risk for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Anticoagulant-na\u00efve adults with NVAF with \u22651 GIB risk factor, initiating anticoagulant treatment January 2016\u2013December 2019, and covered by the French national health data system were eligible. Outcomes included major bleeding (MB) and stroke\/systemic embolism (SE). Patient characteristics were balanced using propensity score matching.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 314,184 patients were identified with 162,150 (51.5%) in the apixaban cohort, 88,427 (28.1%) in the rivaroxaban cohort, 16,465 (5.2%) in the dabigatran cohort, and 47,142 (15.0%) in the VKA cohort (mean age 79.0 years, standard deviation 10.5; 51.0% female). A total of 45,124 apixaban-VKAs, 38,737 rivaroxaban-VKAs, 16,415 dabigatran-VKAs, 88,414 apixaban-rivaroxaban, 16,464 apixaban-dabigatran, and 16,459 rivaroxaban-dabigatran pairs were retained after propensity score matching. Apixaban had lower risk of MB versus dabigatran (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63\u20130.83) and rivaroxaban (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.59\u20130.66). Apixaban had lower risk of GIB versus dabigatran (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.37\u20130.56) and rivaroxaban (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.49\u20130.59). Risk of GIB was similar with dabigatran versus rivaroxaban (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.89\u20131.24). Apixaban had lower risk of stroke\/SE versus rivaroxaban (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84\u20130.96), while risk was similar versus dabigatran (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9\u20131.3). All DOACs had lower risk of MB and stroke\/SE versus VKAs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001 for all).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>DOACs had improved safety and effectiveness from bleeding and stroke\/SE, respectively, versus VKAs among patients with NVAF at high risk for GIB. Apixaban was associated with lower MB and GIB risk versus other DOACs. For stroke\/SE, apixaban was associated with reduced risk versus rivaroxaban and similar risk versus dabigatran.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T18:23:42Z","timestamp":1731695022000},"page":"e0310322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comparative safety and effectiveness of oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding: A nationwide French cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-1626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory Y. 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