{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:40:54Z","timestamp":1787510454436,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female Genital Mutilation\/Cutting (FGM\/C) poses a significant public health challenge in developing countries, leading to increased risks of adverse obstetric outcomes such as caesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, episiotomy, difficult labor, obstetric tears\/lacerations, instrumental delivery, prolonged labor, and extended maternal hospital stays. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with FGM\/C among Tanzanian women who had given birth within five years preceding the Survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study utilized an analytical cross-sectional design based on data from the 2015\u20132016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey (TDHS-MIS). A total of 5,777 women who had given birth within the five years preceding the survey and who provided responses to questions regarding female circumcision were included in the analysis. Descriptive analysis was employed to examine the prevalence of FGM\/C among women in Tanzania. Additionally, multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with FGM\/C within this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of FGM\/C was 12.1% at 95%CI of 11.3% to 13%. Factors associated with FGM\/C were marital status [married (AOR = 3.141 at 95%CI = 1.757\u20135.616,p&lt;0.001), living with male partners (AOR = 2.001 at 95%CI = 1.082\u20133.699, p = 0.027), widowed (AOR = 2.922 at 95%CI = 1.201\u20137.111, p = 0.03)] never in union a reference population; wealth index [poorest (AOR = 2.329 at 95% CI = 1.442\u20133.763, p = 0.001), middle (AOR = 1.722 at 95% CI = 1.075\u20132.758, p = 0.024), richer (AOR = 1.831 at 95%CI = 1.205\u20132.781, p = 0.005)] in reference to richest women; zones [Northern zone, (AOR = 91.787 at 95%CI = 28.41\u2013296.546, p&lt;0.001), central zone, (AOR = 215.07 at 95%CI = 67.093\u2013689.423,p&lt;0.001), southern highlands, (AOR = 12.005 at 95% CI = 3.49\u201341.298, p&lt;0.001), lake zone (AOR = 13.927 at 95%CI = 4.338\u201344.714,p&lt;0.001), eastern zone, (AOR = 24.167 at 95% CI = 7.299\u201380.017, p&lt;0.001)]; place of childbirth [outside health facility (AOR = 1.616 at 95%CI = 1.287\u20132.03, p&lt;0.001)] in reference to health facility childbirth; parity [para 5+ (AOR = 2.204 at 95% CI = 1.477\u20133.288,p&lt;0.001)] para one a reference population; and opinion on whether FGM\/C stopped or continued [continued (AOR = 8.884 at 95% CI = 5.636\u201314.003, p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study underscores the persistent issue of FGM\/C in Tanzania, particularly among married women, those from lower-income households, and those living in regions with high prevalence. Women giving birth outside health facilities and those with multiple children are at higher risk. The study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions addressing socio-cultural factors, alongside providing legal, healthcare, and psychological support to those affected. Educational campaigns and community engagement, especially with traditional and religious leaders, are crucial for challenging cultural beliefs and reducing FGM\/C\u2019s prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T13:45:25Z","timestamp":1735566325000},"page":"e0310337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation\/cutting among Tanzanian women who gave birth in the five years prior to the survey: A population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8829-2746","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabiola Vincent","family":"Moshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0310337.ref001","author":"WHO","year":"2023","journal-title":"Female genital mutilation [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7365715","article-title":"Female Genital Mutilation: Health Consequences and Complications\u2014A Short Literature Review.","volume":"2018","author":"E Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int."},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref003","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (SRH) [Internet]","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO).","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref004","volume-title":"Female genital mutilation [Internet].","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0310337.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Secular trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation\/cutting among girls: A systematic analysis","volume":"3","author":"NB Kandala","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref006","volume-title":"Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey [Internet]","author":"MoHCDGEC","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref007","volume-title":"Rooting out female genital mutilation in Tanzania | WHO | Regional Office for Africa [Internet]","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref008","author":"United Nation","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equality Now: Tanzania: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310337.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15086-z","article-title":"The role of communities and leadership in ending female genital mutilation in Tanzania: an exploratory cross-sectional qualitative study in Tanga.","volume":"23","author":"S Mkuwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref010","volume-title":"The global prevalence of female genital mutilation\/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies [Internet].","author":"L Farouki","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81736-7_1","article-title":"Assessing the Infant\/Child\/Young Person with Suspected FGM\/C.","author":"J Abdulcadir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Female Genit Mutilation\/Cutting Child Adolesc."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310337.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Female genital mutilation and sexual behaviour by marital status among a nationally representative sample of Nigerian women","volume":"19","author":"B Adelekan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Health [Internet]."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310337.ref013","article-title":"Female Genital Mutilation, Sexual Quality of Life and Marital Relationship: A Case-Control Study from Iran.","volume":"16","author":"S Shafaati Laleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fam Reprod Heal."},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101813","article-title":"Mental and sexual health outcomes associated with FGM\/C in Africa: a systematic narrative synthesis.","volume":"56","author":"E Tammary","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine [Internet]."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310337.ref015","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys.","volume":"14","author":"EK Ameyaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One [Internet]."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310337.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0643-8","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age in the Bawku municipality and Pusiga District of northern Ghana.","volume":"18","author":"E Sakeah","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310337.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10293-y","article-title":"Factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age and girls aged 0\u201314 in Chad: a mixed-effects multilevel analysis of the 2014\u20132015 Chad demographic and health survey data.","volume":"21","author":"BO Ahinkorah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310337.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Socio-economic and demographic determinants of female genital mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys","volume":"17","author":"BO Ahinkorah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Health [Internet]."},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0310337.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Female Genital Mutilation\/Cutting among Ghanaian Wo men: The Determinants.","volume":"4","author":"MO Fosu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Humanit Soc Sci"},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2021-201399","article-title":"Factors associated with female genital mutilation: A systematic review and synthesis of national, regional and community-based studies","author":"Z El-Dirani","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Sex Reprod Heal"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0310337.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000660","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000660","article-title":"Circumcising daughters in Nigeria: To what extent does education influence mothers\u2019 FGM\/C continuation attitudes?","volume":"2","author":"JA Ackah","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Heal [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0310337.ref022","author":"FV Moshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Magnitude of Female Genital Mutilation \/ Cutting and the Associated Factors among women of reproductive age in Tanzania; Analysis of the 2015\u20132016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey Data."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T13:45:36Z","timestamp":1735566336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310337"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joyce Jebet","family":"Cheptum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]}}}