{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:09:20Z","timestamp":1740146960600,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003024","name":"International Society for Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Small grant 2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Small grant 2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nThe hormonal shift occurring in pregnant women is crucial for the outcome of pregnancy. We conducted a study in pregnant women living in a malaria endemic area to determine the potential effect of gestational age on the modulation of the endocrine system by cortisol and prolactin production during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nPrimigravidae and multigravidae with a gestational age between 16\u201320 weeks were included in the study and followed up to delivery and 6\u20137 weeks thereafter. Venous blood was collected at scheduled visit: Visit 1 (V1; 16\u201320 weeks of amenorrhea), Visit 2 (V2; 28 \u00b11 weeks of pregnancy), Visit 3 (V3; 32 \u00b11 weeks of pregnancy), Visit4 (V4; delivery) and Visit5 (V5; 6\u20137 weeks after delivery). In addition, a cord blood sample was also collected during labour at delivery. Nulliparous and primiparous\/multiparous non-pregnant women were enrolled in the control group. Cortisol and prolactin plasma concentrations were measured using ichroma II and i-chamber apparatus. Light microscopy was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections. A linear mixed-effects regression (LMER) model was used to assess the association between the variation of cortisol titres and prolactin levels during the pregnancy and the post-partum.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nResults showed that cortisol and prolactin levels in the peripheral blood were globally up-regulated during pregnancy. Concentrations of cortisol during follow-up was significantly higher in primigravidae than in multigravidae during the whole pregnancy (p<0.024). Moreover, the level of prolactin which was higher before delivery in primigravidae reversed at delivery and postpartum visit, but the difference was not statistically significant during the follow-up (V1 to V5) (p = 0.60). The cortisol level in peripheral blood at delivery was higher than that in the cord blood, and conversely for prolactin. Cortisol and prolactin levels decreased after delivery, though the level of prolactin was still higher than that at enrolment. An increase of one unit of prolactin was associated with the decrease of the average concentration of cortisol by 0.04 ng\/ml (p = 0.009). However, when cortisol increases with one unit, the average concentration of prolactin decreases by 1.16 ng\/ml (p = 0.013).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nThese results showed that the up-regulation effects of cortisol and prolactin are related to gestational age. A The downward regulation effect that both hormones have on each other during the pregnancy when each increase to 1 unit (1.0 ng\/ml) was also reported.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T18:30:37Z","timestamp":1730745037000},"page":"e0310372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of gestational age on blood cortisol and prolactin levels during pregnancy in malaria endemic area"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-5749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francois","family":"Kiemde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Sorgho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serge Henri","family":"Zango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gnohion Fabrice","family":"Some","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toussaint","family":"Rouamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1873-6473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ousmane","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berenger","family":"Kabore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamtandi Magloire","family":"Natama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeri Esther","family":"Hien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Valea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"Schallig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0472-3586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Halidou","family":"Tinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310372.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2002.01105.x","article-title":"Expression of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, implantation failures after IVF\/ET or normal pregnancy","volume":"48","author":"SC NG","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0310372.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1159\/000087821","volume-title":"Immunology of Gametes and Embryo Implantation.","author":"JYH Kwak-Kim","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0310372.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01603-0","article-title":"Abundant perforin expression at the maternal-fetal interface: Guarding the semiallogeneic transplant.","volume":"21","author":"D Rukavina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunology Today"},{"key":"pone.0310372.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.367","article-title":"Immunology at the maternal-fetal interface: Lessons for T cell tolerance and suppression.","volume":"18","author":"AL Mellor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual Review of Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310372.ref005","first-page":"229","article-title":"The role of\u03b3 \/ \u03b4T cells in the feto-maternal relationship.","volume":"13","author":"J Szekeres-Bartho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aug"},{"key":"pone.0310372.ref006","article-title":"Comparative T-cell responses during pregnancy in large animals and humans.","volume":"46","author":"ENT Meeusen","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0310372.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17861","article-title":"Immunological tolerance of the human fetus.","volume":"18","author":"G Gaunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"pone.0310372.ref008","article-title":"The fetus and the maternal immune system: Pregnancy as a model to study peripheral T-cell tolerance.","volume":"19","author":"MS Vacchio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0310372.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1999.11813506","article-title":"Malaria during pregnancy: Priority areas for current research on malaria during pregnancy.","volume":"93","author":"C. 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