{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:13:15Z","timestamp":1790644395524,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science and Engineering Research Council\u2019s Research Chair in Dairy Cattle Welfare","award":["RGPIN-2023-04350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-04350"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science and Engineering Research Council\u2019s Research Chair in Dairy Cattle Welfare","award":["RGPIN-2023-04350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-04350"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dairy cattle experience a variety of stressors associated with routine farm practices, including injections, pen movements, regrouping, and artificial insemination. The primary objective of this study was to assess ear position (categorized according to 5 positions) and body movement responses of heifers during their first experience of artificial insemination, in comparison with responses during baseline observations before and after this procedure. A secondary objective was to test whether heifers exposed to positive reinforcement training (PRT) responded differently to this procedure. We tested 12 heifers (13 \u00b1 0.7 mo. old); 7 were trained using PRT (as part of another study) and 5 had no experience with PRT. Ear axial and ear forward positions were more frequent during observations before and after artificial insemination relative to during artificial insemination (4.57 \u00b1 0.82 vs. 0.31 \u00b1 0.82 times\/period, and 3.45 \u00b1 0.51 vs. 0.50 \u00b1 0.51 times\/period, respectively). Backward pinned ear position was observed less frequently before and after versus during artificial insemination (0.12 \u00b1 0.76 vs. 3.76 \u00b1 0.76 times\/period). We found no effect of period relative to artificial insemination on any of the 4 body movements assessed (leaning forward, backward, and steps taken with front legs and back legs).We found an effect of PRT on forward ear position (1.00 \u00b1 0.51 times\/PRT group vs. 2.95 \u00b1 0.60 times\/control group), and found that control heifers leaned forward and took more steps with their front legs than did PRT heifers (0.93 \u00b1 0.57 times\/PRT group vs. 3.55 \u00b1 0.67 times\/control group and 1.29 \u00b1 0.68 times\/PRT group vs. 3.85 \u00b1 0.81 times\/control group). We conclude that heifers experiencing artificial insemination for the first time express distinct ear positions that are consistent with responses to a negative emotional state. Further work is required to validate these responses and to determine the extent that they can be used to assess affective responses to this and other procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T17:35:37Z","timestamp":1728581737000},"page":"e0310537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Behavioral responses to artificial insemination and the effect of positive reinforcement training"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4017-1733","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Heinsius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina A. G.","family":"von Keyserlingk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0917-3982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Weary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0310537.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas88-038","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological responses to spatial novelty in dairy cows","volume":"68","author":"S Kondo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0310537.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00097-0","article-title":"Behavioural response to humans and the productivity of commercial dairy cows","volume":"66","author":"K Breuer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci [Internet]."},{"issue":"11 November","key":"pone.0310537.ref003","article-title":"Gentle interactions with restrained and freemoving cows: Effects on the improvement of the animal-human relationship.","volume":"15","author":"A Lange","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0310537.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5819","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8667","article-title":"Personality and production: Nervous cows produce less milk","volume":"98","author":"L Hedlund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0310537.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2023.106092","article-title":"Can a social partner alleviate conditioned place aversion caused by isolation and pain in dairy calves?","volume":"269","author":"E Nogues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310537.ref006","first-page":"47","article-title":"Behavioral Responses of Cattle to Pain and Implications for Diagnosis, Management, and Animal Welfare.","volume":"29","author":"S. 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