{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:55:40Z","timestamp":1792515340155,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMW","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10710022210002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10710022210002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many studies examined the impact of behavioural interventions on COVID-19 outcomes. We conducted a systematic review to gain insight into transmission models, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We included peer-reviewed studies published in English until December 31, 2022, focusing on human subjects, modelling, and examining behavioural interventions during COVID-19 using real data across diverse geographical regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched seven databases. We used descriptive analysis, network analysis for textual synthesis, and regression analysis to identify the relationship between the basic reproduction number\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      and various characteristics. From 30, 114 articles gathered, 15, 781 met the inclusion criteria. After deduplication, 7, 616 articles remained. The titles and abstracts screening reduced these to 1, 764 articles. Full-text screening reduced this to 270, and risk-of-bias assessment narrowed it to 245 articles. We employed combined criteria for risk of bias assessment, incorporating domains from ROBINS-I and principles for modeling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Primary outcomes focused on\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      , COVID-19 cases, and transmission rates. The average\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 3.184. The vast majority of studies (90.3%) used compartmental models, particularly SEIR models. Social distancing, mask-wearing, and lockdowns were frequently analyzed interventions. Early and strict implementation of these interventions significantly reduced transmission rates. Risk of bias assessment revealed that 62.6% of studies were of low risk, 24.1% moderate, and 9.3% high risks. Common issues included transparency, attrition bias, and confounding factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This comprehensive review highlights the importance of behavioural interventions in reducing COVID-19 transmission and areas for improving future research transparency and robustness. Our risk of bias criteria offers an important framework for future systematic reviews in modeling studies of interventions. We recommend that future studies enhance transparency in reporting and address common biases such as attrition and confounding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T13:24:57Z","timestamp":1739193897000},"page":"e0310611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modelling the impact of behavioural interventions during pandemics: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7733-3271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tsega Kahsay","family":"Gebretekle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-6743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Casper","family":"Albers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0310611.ref001","first-page":"146","article-title":"Effects of pandemic outbreak on economies: evidence from business history context","volume":"9","author":"Yunfeng Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in public health"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.05.010","article-title":"The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic","volume":"53","author":"John Hiscott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine & growth factor reviews"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref003","unstructured":"European Council, Coronavirus global response, 2020. URL https:\/\/global-response.europa.eu\/index_en. Accessed 6 September 2024."},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref004","unstructured":"European Council, Eurostat, GDP Down by 3.8% in the Euro Area and by 3.5% in the EU, 2020. URL 2-30042020-BP-EN.pdf. Accessed 6 September 2020."},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100181","article-title":"Travel behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Analyzing the effects of risk perception and social influence on going-out self-restriction","volume":"7","author":"Giancarlos Parady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(85)90064-1","article-title":"A mathematical model for the global spread of influenza","volume":"75","author":"Leonid A Rvachev","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mathematical biosciences"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-020-05743-y","article-title":"Seir modeling of the COVID-19 and its dynamics","volume":"101","author":"Shaobo He","year":"2020a","journal-title":"Nonlinear dynamics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040013","article-title":"Modeling the worldwide spread of pandemic influenza: baseline case and containment interventions","volume":"4","author":"Vittoria Colizza","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0310611.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0250302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250302","article-title":"Adherence to covid-19 policy measures: Behavioral insights from The Netherlands and Belgium","volume":"16","author":"Eline van den Broek-Altenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"pone.0310611.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12854","article-title":"Predicting epidemics and the impact of interventions in heterogeneous settings: standard seir models are too pessimistic","volume":"185","author":"Luc E Coffeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113030","article-title":"Environmental factors and mobility predict COVID-19 seasonality in The Netherlands","volume":"211","author":"Martijn J Hoogeveen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01441-1","article-title":"Simcovid: Open-source simulation programs for the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"4","author":"Ismael Abdulrahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"SN Computer Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310611.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236917","article-title":"Public perspectives on protective measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Netherlands, Germany, and Italy: A survey study","volume":"15","author":"Karien Meier","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Utilization of the pico framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions","volume":"7","author":"Connie Schardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC medical informatics and decision making"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref015","article-title":"The prisma 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Matthew J Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Mourad Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic reviews"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref017","unstructured":"Clarivate. Endnote\u2122 20, 2022. URL https:\/\/endnote.com. Reference management software."},{"issue":"03","key":"pone.0310611.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib: A 2d graphics environment","volume":"9","author":"John D Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computing in science & engineering"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref019","article-title":"Risk-of-bias visualization (robvis): An r package and shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","author":"Luke A. McGuinness","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref020","volume-title":"Guidance for the conduct and reporting of modeling and simulation studies in the context of health technology assessment. Methods guide for comparative effectiveness reviews","author":"IJ Dahabreh","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref021","article-title":"Robins-i: a tool for assessing the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Jonathan AC Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref022","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (Eds.). 8.7 Summary assessments of risk of bias. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. URL handbook-5-1.cochrane.org"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref023","first-page":"58","article-title":"Systematically reviewing the literature: building the evidence for health care quality","volume":"112","author":"Suzanne Austin Boren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Missouri medicine"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref024","unstructured":"Nees Jan Van Eck and Ludo Waltman. Vosviewer: Visualizing scientific landscapes, 2024. URL https:\/\/www.vosviewer.com\/. Accessed: 2014-07-25."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310611.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.24818\/issn14531305\/24.4.2020.05","article-title":"Word cloud and sentiment analysis of Amazon earphones reviews with r programming language","volume":"24","author":"Ahmed Imran Kabir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Informatica Economica"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310611.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-022-01840-0","article-title":"The analyzation of change in documentation due to the introduction of electronic patient records in hospitals\u2014a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Florian Wurster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"issue":"7650","key":"pone.0310611.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"Grade: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Gordon H Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.008","article-title":"A full systematic review was completed in 2 weeks using automation tools: a case study","volume":"121","author":"Justin Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of clinical epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110364","article-title":"Analyzing the impact of the media campaign and rapid testing for COVID-19 as an optimal control problem in East Java, Indonesia","volume":"141","author":"Dipo Aldila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref030","article-title":"Parameter estimation and prediction of COVID-19 epidemic turning point and ending time of a case study on sir\/sqair epidemic models","volume":"2020","author":"Amir Hossein Amiri Mehra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310611.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e055284","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055284","article-title":"Intimate physical contact between people from different households during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods study from a large, quasi-representative survey (natsal-covid)","volume":"12","author":"Pam Sonnenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0310611.ref032","article-title":"A simple model for control of COVID-19 infections on an urban campus","volume":"118","author":"Robert A Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2021.100437","article-title":"A model for COVID-19 with isolation, quarantine, and testing as control measures","volume":"34","author":"M Soledad Aronna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29015-y","article-title":"Agent-based modelling of reactive vaccination of workplaces and schools against covid-19","volume":"13","author":"Benjamin Faucher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310611.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2147827","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.47827","article-title":"Model-estimated association between simulated us elementary school\u2013related sars-cov-2 transmission, mitigation interventions, and vaccine coverage across local incidence levels","volume":"5","author":"John Giardina","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0310611.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236003","article-title":"Quantifying early COVID-19 outbreak transmission in South Africa and exploring vaccine efficacy scenarios","volume":"15","author":"Zindoga Mukandavire","year":"2020a","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref037","unstructured":"Progressive Policy Institute. PPI\u2019s Trade Fact of the Week: The U.S. does 28% of the world\u2019s scientific research and development spending. Progressive Policy Institute, 2019. URL www.progressivepolicy.org."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0310611.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13568","article-title":"Modelling the evolution of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Abdelhamid Mohamed Ajbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of infection in developing countries"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310611.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31099","DOI":"10.2196\/31099","article-title":"Factors associated with using the COVID-19 mobile contact-tracing app among individuals diagnosed with sars-cov-2 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Observational study","volume":"10","author":"Feiko Ritsema","year":"2022a","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310611.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0265779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265779","article-title":"Modeling the effect of lockdown and social distancing on the spread of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia","volume":"17","author":"Sara K. Al-Harbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2021.100505","article-title":"Assessing the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on sars-cov-2 transmission in Belgium by means of an extended seiqrd model and public mobility data","volume":"37","author":"Tijs W. Alleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref042","first-page":"1892827","article-title":"The impact of media coverage and curfew on the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 model: stability and bifurcation","volume":"2021","author":"Afrah KS Al-Tameemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Differential Equations"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310611.ref043","first-page":"1532","article-title":"The dynamic effects of different quarantine measures on the spread of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Chuanqing Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Analysis and Computation"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref044","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of early detection and vaccination strategy in COVID-19 eradication program in Jakarta, Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Dipo Aldila","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2021.110885","article-title":"Sensitivity assessment and optimal economic evaluation of a new COVID-19 compartmental epidemic model with control interventions","volume":"146","author":"Joshua Kiddy K Asamoah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2021.113891","article-title":"Covid-19 dynamics across the US: A deep learning study of human mobility and social behavior","volume":"382","author":"Mohamed Aziz Bhouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310611.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201093","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of social distancing interventions to delay or flatten the epidemic curve of coronavirus disease","volume":"26","author":"Laura Matrajt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bpac023","DOI":"10.1093\/biomethods\/bpac023","article-title":"Novel deterministic epidemic model considering mass vaccination and lockdown against coronavirus disease 2019 spread in israel: a numerical study","volume":"7","author":"Motoaki Utamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110034","article-title":"A data driven epidemic model to analyse the lockdown effect and predict the course of covid-19 progress in India","volume":"139","author":"Bijay Kumar Sahoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76710-1","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of the dynamics and containment of COVID-19 in Ukraine","volume":"10","author":"Yuliya N Kyrychko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310611.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1866579","article-title":"Effectiveness of facemasks for opening a university campus in Mississippi, United States\u2013a modelling study","volume":"70","author":"C Raina MacIntyre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1051\/mmnp\/2020035","article-title":"Optimal control techniques based on infection age for the study of the COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"15","author":"J Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bonnans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0310611.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30981-6","article-title":"Household transmission of sars-cov-2 and risk factors for susceptibility and infectivity in Wuhan: a retrospective observational study","volume":"21","author":"Fang Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-022-07235-7","article-title":"Mathematical modeling and optimal intervention strategies of the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"109","author":"Jayanta Mondal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nonlinear dynamics"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110068","article-title":"A data-driven assessment of early travel restrictions related to the spreading of the novel COVID-19 within mainland China","volume":"139","author":"Alberto Aleta","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009152","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1009152","article-title":"Modeling the effects of vaccination, nucleic acid testing, and face mask-wearing interventions against COVID-19 in large sports events","volume":"10","author":"Zeting Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1051\/mmnp\/2020016","article-title":"A multi-scale model quantifies the impact of limited movement of the population and mandatory wearing of face masks in containing the COVID-19 epidemic in Morocco","volume":"15","author":"Anass Bouchnita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0310611.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2020335","article-title":"Optimal control on COVID-19 eradication program in Indonesia under the effect of community awareness","volume":"17","author":"Dipo Aldila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110173","article-title":"A mathematical model for COVID-19 transmission dynamics with a case study of India","volume":"140","author":"Piu Samui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"issue":"35","key":"pone.0310611.ref060","article-title":"Estimating the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 control in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Kyung-Duk Min","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Korean medical science"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2022.111825","article-title":"Modeling and optimal control of mutated COVID-19 (delta strain) with imperfect vaccination","volume":"156","author":"Tingting Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0310611.ref062","article-title":"Imitation dynamics in the mitigation of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China from 2019 to 2020","volume":"8","author":"Shi Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Translational Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.11.005","article-title":"A primer on using mathematics to understand COVID-19 dynamics: Modeling, analysis, and simulations","volume":"6","author":"A. B. Gumel","year":"2021a","journal-title":"INFECTIOUS DISEASE MODELLING"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102245","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of social distancing measures for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in a highly-populated country: A case study in Indonesia","volume":"45","author":"Auliya A. Suwantika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel medicine and infectious disease"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref065","volume-title":"SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology","author":"Rahul Saxena","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0310611.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e044102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044102","article-title":"Forecasting the sars covid-19 pandemic and critical care resources threshold in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: population analysis of aggregate data","volume":"11","author":"Amira K Al-Aamri","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0310611.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1002\/mma.8184","article-title":"Study on the virulence evolution of sars-cov-2 and the trend of the epidemics of covid-19","volume":"45","author":"Mengyue Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310611.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-021-00989-y","article-title":"The impact of quarantine and medical resources on the control of COVID-19 in Wuhan based on a household model","volume":"84","author":"Shanshan Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bulletin of mathematical biology"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709369","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.709369","article-title":"Toward achieving a vaccine-derived herd immunity threshold for COVID-19 in the U.S","volume":"9","author":"Abba B. Gumel","year":"2021b","journal-title":"Frontiers in public health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310611.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301704","article-title":"Unraveling R0: Considerations for public health applications","volume":"104","author":"B Ridenhour","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0310611.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30144-4","article-title":"Early dynamics of transmission and control of covid-19: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"20","author":"Adam J Kucharski","year":"2020","journal-title":"The lancet infectious diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310611.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/bca.2020.12","article-title":"The benefits and costs of using social distancing to flatten the curve for COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Thunstr\u00f6m Linda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92000-w","article-title":"A multi-method approach to modeling COVID-19 disease dynamics in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Amir Mokhtari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310611.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15276-6","article-title":"Short-sighted decision-making by those not vaccinated against COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Julia G Halilova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0310611.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0896-8","article-title":"Global supply-chain effects of COVID-19 control measures","volume":"4","author":"D Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"pone.0310611.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.08.001","article-title":"Short-term forecasts and long-term mitigation evaluations for the COVID-19 epidemic in Hubei Province, China","volume":"5","author":"Q Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Modelling"},{"issue":"6491","key":"pone.0310611.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6105","article-title":"An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China","volume":"368","author":"H Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310611.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0962-9","article-title":"Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics","volume":"26","author":"NG Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0310611.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004978117","article-title":"Spread and dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy: Effects of emergency containment measures","volume":"117","author":"M Gatto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7820","key":"pone.0310611.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2404-8","article-title":"The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"584","author":"S Hsiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0310611.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.005","article-title":"Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients","volume":"80","author":"K Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"issue":"10229","key":"pone.0310611.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T13:25:28Z","timestamp":1739193928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310611"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Martial L","family":"Ndeffo-Mbah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310611","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.09.05.24313121","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]}}}