{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:48:22Z","timestamp":1790192902609,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SBF005\\1111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBF005\\1111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013638\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013638\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000329","name":"Novo Nordisk UK Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCF\/PR\/SP21\/52930003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/SP21\/52930003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vaccination during pregnancy is crucial for safeguarding maternal and neonatal health, but vaccination rates remain suboptimal, especially in women from Black and Asian ethnic minorities. We explored the perspectives and decision-making processes of pregnant women regarding uptake of the three recommended vaccines in pregnancy: Influenza, Pertussis (whooping cough) and COVID-19. We also explored women\u2019s attitudes to taking part in vaccine trials during pregnancy and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to obtain information on vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In 2023, we conducted in-depth telephone interviews with ethnically diverse pregnant women in the Greater London area using convenience and snowball sampling. The interviews focused on participants\u2019 views on vaccination during pregnancy, participation in vaccine trials, information-seeking behaviours, and attitudes to emerging technologies for health information. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. The data collection and analysis were conducted alongside the iterative development of the topic guide and coding framework, with key themes emerging through collaborative team discussions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty one pregnant women aged 20\u201339 were interviewed of whom 67% were from ethnic minorities and 29% were from migrant backgrounds. Half the participants (53%) reported hesitancy towards at least one of the vaccines. The analysis revealed several themes: concerns about vaccine safety, particularly regarding newer vaccines due to lack of long-term data; reliance on healthcare professionals for guidance, balanced with personal research; and a strong desire for clear and comprehensive information specifically tailored to pregnant women. Pregnant women reported insufficient information, explanation, or recommendation by midwives. Additionally, there was widespread refusal regarding participation in vaccine trials; and mixed responses to the use of AI (such as chatbots) for obtaining vaccine information.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pregnant women\u2019s vaccination decisions are complex and require clear, unambiguous communication from healthcare providers, especially midwives, to address their specific concerns. Although information obtained via AI can be useful, responses were mixed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T18:34:50Z","timestamp":1738348490000},"page":"e0310823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Navigating vaccination in pregnancy: Qualitative study in 21 ethnically diverse pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6671-5557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad S.","family":"Razai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ussher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-1925","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucy","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Hargreaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pippa","family":"Oakeshott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0310823.ref001","article-title":"Systematic review of the safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of COVID\u201019 vaccines in pregnant and lactating individuals and their infants","author":"W Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0310823.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708630","article-title":"Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants","volume":"359","author":"K Zaman","year":"2008","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0310823.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e513","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3181","article-title":"Duration of protection after first dose of acellular pertussis vaccine in infants","volume":"133","author":"HE Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0310823.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.12.056","article-title":"The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in pregnancy in relation to child health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"JR Jarvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9953","key":"pone.0310823.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60686-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study","volume":"384","author":"G Amirthalingam","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0310823.ref006","article-title":"Interventions to increase vaccination against COVID-19, influenza and pertussis during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","author":"MS Razai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Travel Med."},{"key":"pone.0310823.ref007","article-title":"Facilitators and Barriers to Vaccination Uptake in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Systematic Review.","author":"MS Razai","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310823.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0271834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271834","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination uptake in 441 socially and ethnically diverse pregnant women.","volume":"17","author":"F Husain","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0310823.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p2388","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p2388","article-title":"Covid-19: Confusion around vaccination during pregnancy likely to have contributed to deaths of 27 women in the UK","volume":"383","author":"M. 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