{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:15:16Z","timestamp":1790183716243,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To synthesise evidence on the impact of self-isolation at home on the psychological and emotional wellbeing of adults in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022378140). We searched Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, and grey literature. Wellbeing included adverse mental health outcomes and adaptive wellbeing. We followed PRISMA and synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines. We extracted data on the impact of self-isolation on wellbeing, and factors associated with and interventions targeting wellbeing during self-isolation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Thirty-six studies were included. The mode quality rating was \u2018high-risk\u2019. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were most investigated. Evidence for an impact of self-isolation on wellbeing was often inconsistent in quantitative studies, although qualitative studies consistently reported a negative impact. People with pre-existing mental and physical health needs reported increased symptoms of mental ill health during self-isolation. Studies reported modifiable stressors that have been reported in previous infectious disease contexts, such as inadequate support, poor coping strategies, inadequate and conflicting information, and highlighted the importance of regular contact from trusted healthcare professionals. Interventions targeting psychological wellbeing were rare and evaluative studies of these had high or very high risk of bias.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>When implementing self-isolation directives, public health officials should prioritise support for individuals who have pre-existing mental or physical health needs, lack support, or who are facing significant life stressors. Focus should be directed toward interventions that address loneliness, worries, and misinformation, whilst monitoring and identifying individuals in need of additional support.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T18:05:34Z","timestamp":1743185134000},"page":"e0310851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The impact of self-isolation on psychological wellbeing in adults and how to reduce it: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1097-1137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex F.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha K.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline V.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3481-6588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Aml\u00f4t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-2971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neil","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gideon James","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0310851.ref001","article-title":"What is self-isolation and why is it important?","author":"UK Health Security Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0310851.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796022000051","article-title":"Psychological impact of the quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general european adult population: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"31","author":"M Bonati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"10227","key":"pone.0310851.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"SK Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310851.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01196-x","article-title":"Mental health effects of infection containment strategies: Quarantine and isolation-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"271","author":"J Henssler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310851.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1793434","article-title":"COVID-19 severity, self-efficacy, knowledge, preventive behaviors, and mental health in Turkey","volume":"46","author":"M Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0310851.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320937053","article-title":"Health behaviour changes during COVID-19 and the potential consequences: A mini-review","volume":"25","author":"T Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0310851.ref007","volume-title":"Monkeypox: people who are isolating at home 2022","author":"UK Health Security Agency","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0310851.ref008","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022) [Internet]. 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