{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:22:11Z","timestamp":1791886931417,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/P021093\/1."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/P021093\/1."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dams provide water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic use, particularly in arid regions. However, controlled dam releases due to heavy rainfall may affect downstream communities\u2019 livelihoods and life courses such long-term impacts may be omitted from damage and loss assessments. This study aims to assess the lived experiences and long-term consequences of dam release flooding for downstream populations, comparing these with the typical scope of a damage and loss assessment (DaLA).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This research was conducted in two flood-prone districts in the White Volta basin, Ghana, subject to dam spillage. Four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with community opinion headers, household heads, chiefs, local politicians, and institutional staff were conducted and analysed, alongside semi-structured interviews with twelve opinion leaders and disaster-related institutions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Flood-affected communities struggled to attract partners for marriage due to stigmatisation from flooding impacts. Women outside flooded areas rejected male members\u2019 marriage proposals, while communities offered young girls for marriage to wealthy men for greater financial security. Out-migration of female members to seek better livelihoods frequently led to divorce, subsequently affecting children\u2019s education and well-being. Participants reported long-term trauma from flood-related contact with dangerous wildlife, travel disruption, disease risk, livelihood loss, and accidents. Such life course events and long-term trauma would be omitted from a DaLA exercise.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Beyond its immediate impacts, flooding undermines family relationships and marriage, impairing children\u2019s education and traumatises affected communities. We recommend livelihood diversification programmes, psychological support and family counselling to address these long-term impacts, with expansion of DaLA\u2019s scope to underpin such support.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T18:47:28Z","timestamp":1733165248000},"page":"e0310952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A qualitative study of lived experience and life courses following dam release flooding in Northern Ghanaian communities: Implications for damage and loss assessment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Moses","family":"Asamoah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4709-3182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mawuli","family":"Dzodzomenyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-668X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faustina Twumwaa","family":"Gyimah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0784-0235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linda","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8842-2181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jim","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0310952.ref001","volume-title":"Annual disaster statistical review 2017","author":"R Below","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30727-4","article-title":"Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries","volume":"13","author":"J Rentschler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1108\/DPM-05-2017-0094","article-title":"The impact of flooding on marriage: evidence from Pakistan.","volume":"27","author":"R. Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disaster Prevention and Management"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7270.1167","article-title":"Flooding and human health: the dangers posed are not always obvious","author":"CA Ohl","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Publishing Group"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483348919","volume-title":"Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches","author":"JZ Giele","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.07.016","article-title":"Hidden disasters: Recurrent flooding impacts on educational continuity in the Philippines.","volume":"25","author":"JRD Cadag","year":"2017","journal-title":"International journal of disaster risk reduction"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref007","author":"C. Mudavanhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"The impact of flood disasters on child education in Muzarabani District, Zimbabwe."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310952.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000109","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000109","article-title":"Child malnutrition and recurrent flooding in rural eastern India: a community-based survey","volume":"1","author":"JM Rodriguez-Llanes","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.04.008","article-title":"An exploration of factors affecting the long term psychological impact and deterioration of mental health in flooded households","volume":"140","author":"JE Lamond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0310952.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/17565529.2017.1291403","article-title":"\u2018The floods came and we lost everything\u2019: weather extremes and households\u2019 asset vulnerability and adaptation in rural Ghana.","volume":"10","author":"K Afriyie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Climate and Development"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.10.010","article-title":"Systematic literature review of methodologies for assessing the costs of disasters","volume":"33","author":"D Eckhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"International journal of disaster risk reduction"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref012","volume-title":"Damage, loss, and needs assessment guidance notes:.","author":"RJ Jovel","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0310952.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110302437","article-title":"The influence of changes in lifestyle and mercury exposure in riverine populations of the Madeira River (Amazon Basin) near a hydroelectric project.","volume":"11","author":"SS Hacon","year":"2014","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310952.ref014","first-page":"14","article-title":"Lost in development\u2019s shadow: The downstream human consequences of dams.","volume":"3","author":"BD Richter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water alternatives."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20704-0","article-title":"Role of dams in reducing global flood exposure under climate change","volume":"12","author":"J Boulange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref016","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Impact of the 2011 floods, and flood management in Thailand.","volume":"34","author":"N Poapongsakorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"ERIA Discussion Paper Series"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020098","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001311","article-title":"Interval analysis of the loss of life caused by dam failure","volume":"147","author":"W Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref018","volume-title":"MATEC Web of Conferences","author":"DA Taruna","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0310952.ref019","first-page":"71","article-title":"Dam flooding caused a prolonged flooding","volume":"12","author":"CP Diman","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering."},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0275-5","article-title":"Analysis of human risks due to dam-break floods\u2014part 1: a new model based on Bayesian networks.","volume":"64","author":"M Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natural hazards."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310952.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01069.x","article-title":"Predicting loss of life in cases of dam failure and flash flood.","volume":"13","author":"ML DeKay","year":"1993","journal-title":"Risk analysis."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70816-2","article-title":"Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability.","volume":"10","author":"H. Tabari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific reports."},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref023","volume-title":"Ghana 2021 Population and Housing Census General Report","author":"GS Service","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref024","volume-title":"Assessing the impact of bagre dam spillage in the Pru East district of Brong Ahafo region","author":"D. Manu","year":"2019"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0310952.ref025","first-page":"160","article-title":"Effects of floods on the livelihoods and food security of households in the Tolon\/kumbumgu district of the Northern region of Ghana","volume":"1","author":"B Musah","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Research Communication"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref026","volume-title":"Modeling the Effect of the Bagre Dam on the Water Levels of the Akosombo Dam","author":"O. Ampomah","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref027","article-title":"Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Floods in Upper East Region DREF Operation.","author":"Societies IFoRCaRC","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018. Contract No.: Situational Report 27th"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0310952.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-022-01757-6","article-title":"Impact of flooding on microbiological contamination of domestic water sources: a longitudinal study in northern Ghana","volume":"12","author":"M Dzodzomenyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Water Science"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref029","volume-title":"Flood monitoring and damage assessment in agricultural fields using Sentinel-1 SAR images and digital elevation models: A case study of the White Volta river in Ghana","author":"R. Guribie","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref030","first-page":"159","article-title":"Quantifying recent floodplain vegetation change along the white Volta river in the Northern region of Ghana","volume":"11","author":"CA Nsor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ghana Journal of Geography"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14568-w","article-title":"Dam-mediated flooding impact on outpatient attendance and diarrhoea cases in northern Ghana: a mixed methods study.","volume":"22","author":"W Dotse-Gborgbortsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730370","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2021.730370","article-title":"Growing spatial overlap between dam-related flooding, cropland and domestic water points: A water\u2013energy\u2013food nexus management challenge in Malawi and Ghana.","volume":"3","author":"C Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Water"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref033","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0536-4_24","volume-title":"Handbook of phenomenology and medicine","author":"M. Van Manen","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref035","author":"R Ajjawi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Using hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate how experienced practitioners learn to communicate clinical reasoning"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0310952.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.02071.x","article-title":"Phenomenology as a method to investigate the experience lived: a perspective from Husserl and Merleau Ponty\u2019s thought","volume":"37","author":"MLA Sadala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of advanced nursing"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0310952.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733020964859","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 moral distress in end-of-life care: a qualitative study.","volume":"28","author":"EL De Brasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nursing ethics."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407519864444","article-title":"When men choose to be childless: An interpretative phenomenological analysis","volume":"37","author":"I Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref039","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Life Course","author":"T\u039a Hareven","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310952.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000341","article-title":"Managing borderline personality disorder from a life course perspective: Clinical staging and health management.","volume":"10","author":"J Hutsebaut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0310952.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2008.16.5.29192","article-title":"Understanding phenomenology: The lived experience","volume":"16","author":"T. Mapp","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Midwifery"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref042","author":"Societies IFoRCaRC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emergency plan of action final report\u2013Ghana: Floods in Upper East Region"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.06.011","article-title":"Identifying floods and flood-affected paddy rice fields in Bangladesh based on Sentinel-1 imagery and Google Earth Engine","volume":"166","author":"M Singha","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0310952.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/3\/035002","article-title":"Flood extent mapping for Namibia using change detection and thresholding with SAR","volume":"9","author":"S Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.45","article-title":"High-resolution gridded population datasets for Latin America and the Caribbean in 2010, 2015, and 2020.","volume":"2","author":"A Sorichetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific data"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0310952.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0216923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216923","article-title":"Mapping access to domestic water supplies from incomplete data in developing countries: An illustrative assessment for Kenya.","volume":"14","author":"W Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref047","author":"I Smyth","year":"2012","journal-title":"The disaster crunch model: guidelines for a gendered approach"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310952.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/160940691101000407","article-title":"Culturally responsive focus groups: Reframing the research experience to focus on participants","volume":"10","author":"KL Rodriguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310952.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology.","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative research in psychology."},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref050","author":"A. Bengt Edhlund","year":"2019","journal-title":"NVivo 12 Essentials. Lulu com"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310952.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407509351043","article-title":"Divorce following the September 11 terrorist attacks","volume":"26","author":"CL Cohan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1108\/DPM-09-2013-0155","article-title":"Marriage following the 1997 umbria-marche (italy) earthquake.","volume":"23","author":"G Prati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disaster Prevention and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000010378402","article-title":"Sexual objectification of women: Advances to theory and research 1\u03c87.","volume":"39","author":"DM Szymanski","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref054","author":"E. Alhassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early marriage of young females: a panacea to poverty in the northern region of Ghana.?"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref055","volume-title":"National strategic framework on ending child marriage in Ghana 2017\u20132026","author":"C Ministry of Gender","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref056","first-page":"177","article-title":"Sexual abuse of school age children: Evidence from Kenya","volume":"12","author":"SJ Ruto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of international Cooperation in Education."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0823-1","article-title":"Child marriage in Ghana: evidence from a multi-method study.","volume":"19","author":"B Ahonsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC women\u2019s health."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310952.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/13575279.2019.1701411","article-title":"Understanding child marriage in Ghana: The constructions of gender and sexuality and implications for married girls.","volume":"28","author":"EA Sarfo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Care in Practice"},{"issue":"1\/18","key":"pone.0310952.ref059","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in child marriage in Ghana.","author":"G Domfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Centre for Social Policy Studies (CSPS) Technical Publications Series."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0310952.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1086\/493882","article-title":"Accumulation, reproduction, and\" women\u2019s role in economic development\": Boserup revisited.","volume":"7","author":"L Beneria","year":"1981","journal-title":"Signs: Journal of women in culture and society."},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0310952.ref061","first-page":"148","article-title":"Women\u2019s productive and economic roles towards household poverty reduction in Ghana: A survey of Bongo District in Northern Ghana.","volume":"4","author":"J. Opoku-Ware","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research on Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref062","volume-title":"Work-Family Conflict and Family-Friendly Policies for Working Women in India","author":"G. Mishra","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.11.018","article-title":"The trends, promises and challenges of urbanisation in the world.","volume":"54","author":"XQ Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat international."},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315797465","volume-title":"Living with environmental change: Waterworlds","author":"K Hastrup","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2017.10.002","article-title":"Flood vulnerability, local perception and gender role judgment using multivariate analysis: A problem-based \u201cparticipatory action to Future Skill Management\u201d to cope with flood impacts.","volume":"18","author":"M Rakib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Weather and climate extremes."},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00620","article-title":"Human-wildlife conflicts and their correlates in Narok County, Kenya.","volume":"18","author":"JM Mukeka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Conservation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0310952.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500903483478","article-title":"The psychological impact of exposure to floods.","volume":"15","author":"V Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychology, health & medicine."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0310952.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/07011784.2015.1128854","article-title":"Health effects of flooding in Canada: A 2015 review and description of gaps in research","volume":"41","author":"H Burton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canadian Water Resources Journal\/Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref069","first-page":"13","article-title":"The human health consequences of flooding in Europe and the implications for public health: a review of the evidence","volume":"1","author":"S Hajat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Applied Environmental Science and Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113072","article-title":"Impact of extreme weather conditions on healthcare provision in urban Ghana","volume":"258","author":"SN Codjoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0310952.ref071","article-title":"2012. An appropriate flood warning system in the context of developing countries","volume":"3","author":"S Keoduangsine","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology,."},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.07.141","article-title":"An integrative perspective on community vulnerability to flooding in cities of developing countries.","volume":"198","author":"I Nur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia engineering."},{"key":"pone.0310952.ref073","first-page":"226","article-title":"Adaptation strategies for enhancing agricultural and environmental sustainability under current climate.","author":"S Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainable agriculture Scientific Publisher, Jodhpur."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0310952.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231866","article-title":"geoBoundaries: A global database of political administrative boundaries.","volume":"15","author":"D Runfola","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One [Internet]."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T18:47:54Z","timestamp":1733165274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310952"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muazzam","family":"Sabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310952","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}}}