{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:44:28Z","timestamp":1791546268614,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study examined differences in young adults\u2019 mood states during immersive virtual reality (VR), non-immersive VR, and traditional exercise biking sessions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Repeated-measure study design.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Forty-nine college students (34 females; M<jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub> = 23.6 years) completed three separate 20-minute exercise biking sessions: (1) immersive VR biking using the PlayStation 4 + VirZoom VR bike; (2) non-immersive VR biking using the Gamercize bike + Xbox 360; and (3) traditional stationary biking using the Spirit Fitness XBU55. Participants\u2019 mood states (anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor) were assessed by using the Brunel Mood Scale after each session.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Statistically significant differences were observed between biking sessions for all components of mood [F (2, 96) = 3.84\u2013278.56, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05, \u03b7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.07\u20130.85], except for tension (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). Results indicated non-immersive VR biking yielded significantly higher anger compared to immersive VR biking; non-immersive VR biking yielded significantly higher confusion compared to immersive VR biking and traditional biking, respectively; immersive VR biking yielded significantly lower depression compared to traditional biking; both immersive VR biking and non-immersive VR biking yielded significantly lower fatigue compared to traditional biking; and immersive VR biking yielded significantly higher vigor compared to non-immersive VR biking) and traditional biking, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Findings suggested the immersive VR-based biking exercise may facilitate in reducing the negative feelings, such as anger, fatigue, depression, and improving positive feeling, such as vigor, among college students. The immersive VR-based exercise appeared to be a feasible approach for motivating college students participating in physical activity and improving overall mood states.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T18:54:53Z","timestamp":1732215293000},"page":"e0311113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparing college students\u2019 mood states among immersive virtual reality, non-immersive virtual reality, and traditional biking exercise"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6771-533X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"McDonough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-0439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0311113.ref001","volume-title":"Physical Activity Basics.","author":"CDC","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0311113.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence.","volume":"174","author":"DER Warburton","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"pone.0311113.ref003","first-page":"734","article-title":"Effect of physical activity on anxiety and depression.","volume":"38","author":"MG De Matos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Presse Medicale Paris Fr 1983"},{"key":"pone.0311113.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011339025532","article-title":"Does Exercising with another enhance the stress-reducing benefits of exercise?","volume":"8","author":"TG Plante","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Stress Manag"},{"key":"pone.0311113.ref005","unstructured":"Mental Health Conditions | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. 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