{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T08:10:59Z","timestamp":1781079059994,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101030608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101030608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study assessed the psychometric properties of the long (24 items) and brief (12 items) versions of the Real Relationship Inventory\u2013Client (RRI-C) in a United States sample. The RRI-C is the most used quantitative measure of the real relationship construct, yet its psychometric properties have not been explored outside its development studies. A sample of 700 adults in individual psychotherapy was recruited in the study and filled out a comprehensive battery of measures. Analytical techniques included confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), multigroup CFA, multigroup factor analysis alignment, item response theory, internal reliability assessments, Bland-Altman regression analysis, and calculation of reliable change benchmark thresholds. Both RRI-C versions demonstrated a bifactor structure encompassing Genuineness and Realism dimensions. The bifactor ESEM model provided strong fit: \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>[210]<\/jats:sub> =\u2009 482.464, CFI =\u2009 0.999, TLI =\u2009 0.998, RMSEA =\u2009 0.043, SRMR =\u2009 0.020 for the 24-item RRI-C; \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>[45]<\/jats:sub> =\u2009 111.916, CFI =\u2009 0.999, TLI =\u2009 0.998, RMSEA =\u2009 0.046, SRMR =\u2009 0.028 for the 12-item RRI-C. McDonald\u2019s omega total was 0.97 and 0.95 respectively. The correlation between the total scores of the two versions was <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> =\u2009 0.98; the average discrepancy was 1.85 points higher for the comprehensive version with a slope of -0.013 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u2009 0.12). Both versions showed functionally identical reliability and factor structure when therapy is online <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> in-person. Significant correlations were found between the RRI-C and the Working Alliance Inventory (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> =\u2009 0.68 and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> =\u2009 0.67 for the 24-item and 12-item versions, respectively, both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u2009.001) and the Session Evaluation Scale (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> =\u2009 0.62 and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> =\u2009 0.58, respectively, both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u2009 0.001). This study substantiates the sound psychometric properties of the 24-item and 12-item RRI-C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T18:42:26Z","timestamp":1741027346000},"page":"e0311411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluating the psychometric properties of the 24-item and 12-item real relationship inventory-client forms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4807-7184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alberto","family":"Stefana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Fusar-Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Vieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2251-6860","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric A.","family":"Youngstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0311411.ref001","volume-title":"The real relationship in psychotherapy","author":"CJ Gelso","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0311411.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/10503300802389242","article-title":"The real relationship in a postmodern world: theoretical and empirical explorations","volume":"19","author":"CJ Gelso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0311411.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/pri0000024","article-title":"Strengthening the real relationship: what is a psychotherapist to do?","volume":"1","author":"CJ Gelso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Practice Innovations"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0311411.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029838","article-title":"The unfolding of the real relationship and the outcome of brief psychotherapy","volume":"59","author":"CJ Gelso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0311411.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2013.845920","article-title":"A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship: theory, research, and practice","volume":"24","author":"C Gelso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"pone.0311411.ref006","volume-title":"Psychotherapy relationships that work (3rd ed). 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