{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:33:47Z","timestamp":1788564827325,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015843","name":"NAV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study, the first to assess the reliability and validity of the Work and Social Assessment Scale (WSAS) in Norwegian routine mental health care, examines differences in functional impairment based on sick leave status, psychiatric diagnosis, and sex.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Including 3573 individuals from community mental health services (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = 1157) and a psychiatric outpatient clinic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = 2416), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on subsample 1 and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on subsample 2 were utilized to replicate the identified factor structure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>EFA supported a one-factor model, replicated by the CFA, with high internal consistency (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> = .82, <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic> = .81). Patients on sick leave reported greater impairments in all aspects of functioning, except for relationships, with the largest effect size observed in the reported ability to work (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = .39). Psychiatric outpatients with major depressive disorder were associated with difficulties in home management, private leisure activities, and forming close relationships. Patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder reported less impairment than those with other disorders. Patients with personality disorders reported more relationship difficulties than those with PTSD, ADHD, and anxiety. No differences were found in the perceived ability to work between diagnoses. Women had a higher impairment in private leisure activities, whereas men reported more impairment in relationships.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The demonstrated reliability and validity suggest that WSAS is a valuable assessment tool in Norwegian routine mental health care. Variations in functional impairment across sick leave status, sex, and psychiatric diagnoses highlight the importance of integrating routine assessments of functional impairment into mental health care practices. Future research should combine WSAS with register data to allow for a broader understanding of treatment effectiveness, emphasizing improvements in functional outcomes alongside symptom alleviation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T17:24:33Z","timestamp":1728581073000},"page":"e0311420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS): An investigation of reliability, validity, and associations with clinical characteristics in psychiatric outpatients"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3320-853X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jakob","family":"Lundqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Schevik","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Brattmyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audun","family":"Havnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odin","family":"Hjemdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6942-2645","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stian","family":"Solem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0311420.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.01.005","article-title":"The importance of functional impairment to mental health outcomes: A case for reassessing our goals in depression treatment research","volume":"29","author":"PE McKnight","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0311420.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61414-7","article-title":"Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys","volume":"370","author":"PS Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"pone.0311420.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10065","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society.","volume":"16","author":"H-U Wittchen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"pone.0311420.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/14034950410021871","article-title":"Chapter 7. 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