{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:33:31Z","timestamp":1781206411183,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2000, the Surgeon General\u2019s report highlighted that the mouth is a mirror for overall health of an individual and that disparities in oral health are directly proportionate to general health inequities. Among patients hospitalized due to COVID-19, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are the most common comorbidities; several studies support the association of these conditions with periodontal disease. This study\u2019s main aim is to assess the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations from lower socioeconomic statuses. The study also aims to assess the association of self-reported periodontal disease with COVID-19 disease course and severity. A sample population of Indiana residents with positive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 were recruited. A validated survey tool was sent to this cohort inquiring about sociodemographic distribution; co-morbid conditions, current symptoms of \u201clong haul COVID,\u201d course of their COVID-19 infection; history of periodontal disease, existing periodontal disease symptoms, and oral hygiene habits. 209 individuals with a history of positive COVID test were returned to the survey, and association of participant characteristics and periodontal disease-related survey items with COVID-related survey items were evaluated using chi-square tests. Lower sense of smell ratings was associated with less education (p = 0.021), being unemployed\/disabled (p = 0.008), worse health status (p&lt;0.001), more frequent bleeding gums (p = 0.031), more frequent toothache (p&lt;0.001), lower oral health rating (p = 0.002), and vaccine status (p = 0.011). Lower sense of taste ratings were associated with older age (p = 0.018), worse health (p&lt;0.001), more frequent bleeding gums (p&lt;0.001), more frequent mobile or loose tooth (p = 0.010), presence of gum disease (p&lt;0.001), more frequent loss of teeth (p = 0.013), more frequent toothache (p&lt;0.001), worse oral health (p = 0.001), teeth lost due to gum disease (p = 0.006), and vaccine status (p = 0.001). History of hospitalization due to COVID-19 was found to be associated with a history of gum disease within the past 12 months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T17:23:44Z","timestamp":1728581024000},"page":"e0311644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of self-reported periodontal disease and inequities with long haul COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Alhaffar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriha","family":"Yalamanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-5342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anubhuti","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0311644.ref001","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 2000."},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref002","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 2021."},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0311644.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.22.2879","article-title":"Socioeconomic status in health research: One size does not fit all","volume":"294","author":"PA Braveman","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref004","unstructured":"The National Academies, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council, Committee on Oral Health Access to Services. Improving access to oral health care for vulnerable and underserved populations. [Online]. Available from: https:\/\/www.hrsa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publichealth\/clinical\/oralhealth\/improvingaccess.pdf. [Accessed April 17, 2022]."},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E82","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd17.200266","article-title":"Oral Health and COVID-19: Increasing the Need for Prevention and Access","volume":"17","author":"Z Brian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0311644.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031147","article-title":"Association between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Diseases","volume":"12","author":"R Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.33393\/dti.2023.2510","article-title":"Association between cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease: more than what meets the eye","volume":"17","author":"B Shetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Target Insights"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0311644.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2134147","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147","article-title":"Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"S Magesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA network open"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref009","first-page":"157","article-title":"Oral health matters: The ethics of providing oral health during COVID-19","volume":"33","author":"N Elster","year":"2021","journal-title":"InHec Forum"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094318","article-title":"Disparities in access to oral health care","volume":"41","author":"ME Northridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual review of public health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0311644.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03000605211002695","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211002695","article-title":"Nexus between COVID-19 and periodontal disease","volume":"49","author":"K Sukumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of International Medical Research"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109969","article-title":"Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness?","volume":"144","author":"V Pitones-Rubio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical hypotheses"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604980","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.604980","article-title":"The impact of periodontal disease on hospital admission and mortality during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"H Larvin","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref014","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, July 22). NHANES 2012 Oral Health Questionnaire."},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref015","unstructured":"RAND Corporation. (n.d.-a). 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) | rand. RAND. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/health-care\/surveys_tools\/mos\/12-item-short-form.html"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref016","unstructured":"RAND Corporation. (n.d.-b). 36-Item Short form survey instrument (SF-36) | rand. RAND. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/health-care\/surveys_tools\/mos\/36-item-short-form\/survey-instrument.html"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0311644.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2021.02.001","article-title":"What is the association between income loss during the COVID-19 pandemic and children\u2019s dental care?","volume":"152","author":"JM Burgette","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0311644.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2238804","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.38804","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of long COVID symptoms among US adults","volume":"5","author":"RH Perlis","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA network open"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref019","first-page":"10547738231177395","article-title":"Clinical and Socio-Demographic Variables Associated With Long COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"1","author":"Z Mahmoodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical nursing research"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between periodontal diseases and COVID-19 infection: a case\u2013control study with a longitudinal arm","volume":"3","author":"A Sari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0311644.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13435","article-title":"Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID\u201019 infection: A case\u2013control study","volume":"48","author":"N Marouf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of clinical periodontology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0311644.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.21-0624","article-title":"Poor oral health status and adverse COVID\u201019 outcomes: A preliminary study in hospitalized patients","volume":"93","author":"CA Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Periodontology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0311644.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58060715","article-title":"COVID-19 induced taste dysfunction and recovery: association with smell dysfunction and oral health behaviour","volume":"58","author":"G Catton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0311644.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0296680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296680","article-title":"How does COVID-19 vaccination affect long-COVID symptoms?","volume":"19","author":"AA Asadi-Pooya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0311644.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050652","article-title":"The impact of COVID vaccination on symptoms of long COVID: an international survey of people with lived experience of long COVID","volume":"10","author":"WD Strain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0311644.ref026","article-title":"Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination on Symptoms from Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: Results from the Nationwide VAXILONG Study","volume":"10","author":"M. 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