{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:59:20Z","timestamp":1788184760688,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["422257\/2016-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["422257\/2016-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ-02625-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-02625-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VPPCB-007-FIO-18-2-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VPPCB-007-FIO-18-2-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH Research Project Grant Program","award":["R01AI064478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI064478"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To develop an effective vaccine against <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>, the most widely dispersed human malaria parasite, it is critical to understand how coinfections with other pathogens could impact malaria-specific immune response. A recent conceptual study proposed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a highly prevalent human herpesvirus that establishes lifelong persistent infection, may influence <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> antibody responses. Here, it was investigated whether EBV could impact the longevity of humoral immune response to <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 14-year follow-up study was carried out among long-term <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>-exposed Amazonian individuals (272, median age 35 years), and included 9 cross-sectional surveys at periods of high and low malaria transmission. The experimental approach focused on monitoring antibodies to the major blood-stage <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> vaccine candidate, the Duffy binding protein region II (DBPII-Sal1), including a novel engineered DBPII-based vaccine targeting conserved epitopes (DEKnull-2). In parallel, the status of EBV infection was determined over time by the detection of circulating EBV DNA (EBV-DNAemia) and EBV-specific antibodies to lytic (VCAp18) or latent (EBNA1) antigens. Regardless of the malaria transmission period, the results demonstrated that one or multiple episodes of EBV-DNAemia did not influence the longevity of DBPII immune responses to both strain-specific (Sal-1) or strain-transcending (DEKnull-2) antibodies. Also, the average time in which DBPII-responders lost their antibodies was unrelated to the EBV serostatus. Considering all malaria cases detected during the study, there was a predominance of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> mono-infection (76%), with a positive correlation between malaria infection and EBV-DNAemia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In an immunocompetent <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>-exposed adult population neither sporadic episodes of EBV-DNAemia nor antibody responses to lytic\/latent EBV antigens influence the longevity of both strain-specific and strain-transcending DBPII immune responses. Further studies should investigate the role of acute <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> infection in the activation of EBV replication cycle.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T18:26:38Z","timestamp":1738175198000},"page":"e0311704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibody response to Plasmodium vivax in the context of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) co-infection: A 14-year follow-up study in the Amazon rainforest"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Luiz F. 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